HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS REGISTER
[Advanced]

British Heart Journal 1995;74:247-253; doi:10.1136/hrt.74.3.247
Copyright © 1995 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & British Cardiovascular Society

This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this link to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Add article to my folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sorensen, K. E.
Right arrow Articles by Deanfield, J. E.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sorensen, K. E.
Right arrow Articles by Deanfield, J. E.

Non-invasive measurement of human endothelium dependent arterial responses: accuracy and reproducibility.

K. E. Sorensen, D. S. Celermajer, D. J. Spiegelhalter, D. Georgakopoulos, J. Robinson, O. Thomas, J. E. Deanfield

Cardiothoracic Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, London.

OBJECTIVE--To assess a non-invasive test for endothelial dysfunction, an important early event in the atherogenic process. METHODS--Using high resolution ultrasound, the accuracy of detecting small changes in vessel diameter was assessed using phantom "arteries", and the same equipment was then used to measure flow mediated dilatation in the brachial artery of 40 healthy adults aged 22-51 years, studied on four occasions; intervals between scans were 1-2 days, 1-2 weeks, and 2-4 months. RESULTS--Differences between pairs of phantom "arteries" with diameters 0.1-0.2 mm apart were correctly estimated in 162 of 264 cases (61%); no measurement by any of four independent observers was > 0.1 mm in error, and the mean error was 0.04 mm. For in vivo scans, the overall coefficient of variation for flow mediated dilatation was 1.8% (1.6% for women, 1.9% for men, P = 0.18). In 34/40 subjects (85%), all values for flow mediated dilatation were within 2.5% of the overall mean for each subject. A nested analysis of variance showed the expected between patient variability, and also significant day to day variation, but little between weeks or months. Using these data to generate power function analyses, we calculated that for individuals, an improvement in flow mediated dilatation of 4-8% is significantly greater than natural variability. In clinical trials, a mean improvement in flow mediated dilatation of at least 2% would usually be required to detect a treatment benefit, with much larger subject numbers needed for a parallel group compared to a crossover trial design. CONCLUSIONS--Vascular responses to endothelium dependent and independent stimuli in systemic arteries can be studied non-invasively in man. Subjects should be studied on at least two occasions before and after any intervention, to optimise the chance of showing a significant effect from any potentially beneficial therapy.





This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
F. J. Torriani, L. Komarow, R. A. Parker, B. R. Cotter, J. S. Currier, M. P. Dube, C. J. Fichtenbaum, M. Gerschenson, C. K.C. Mitchell, R. L. Murphy, et al.
Endothelial Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Antiretroviral-Naive Subjects Before and After Starting Potent Antiretroviral Therapy: The ACTG (AIDS Clinical Trials Group) Study 5152s
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 12, 2008; 52(7): 569 - 576.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HypertensionHome page
J. R. Jennings, M. F. Muldoon, J. Price, I. C. Christie, and C. C. Meltzer
Cerebrovascular Support for Cognitive Processing in Hypertensive Patients Is Altered by Blood Pressure Treatment
Hypertension, July 1, 2008; 52(1): 65 - 71.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. E. Donald, J. P. Halcox, M. Charakida, C. Storry, S. M.L. Wallace, T. J. Cole, P. Friberg, and J. E. Deanfield
Methodological Approaches to Optimize Reproducibility and Power in Clinical Studies of Flow-Mediated Dilation
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 20, 2008; 51(20): 1959 - 1964.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Ultrasound MedHome page
W. P. Martins, C. O. Nastri, R. A. Ferriani, and F. M. Filho
Brachial Artery Pulsatility Index Change 1 Minute After 5-Minute Forearm Compression: Comparison With Flow-Mediated Dilatation
J. Ultrasound Med., May 1, 2008; 27(5): 693 - 699.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular DiseaseHome page
P. D. Patel and R. R. Arora
Review: Endothelial dysfunction: A potential tool in gender related cardiovascular disease
Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, April 1, 2008; 2(2): 89 - 100.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Rossi, A. Nuzzo, G. Origliani, and M. G. Modena
Prognostic role of flow-mediated dilation and cardiac risk factors in post-menopausal women.
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 11, 2008; 51(10): 997 - 1002.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Ultrasound MedHome page
M. Saglam, U. Bozlar, F. Kantarci, H. Ay, B. Battal, and U. Coskun
Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen on Flow-Mediated Vasodilation: An Ultrasound Study
J. Ultrasound Med., February 1, 2008; 27(2): 209 - 214.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
LupusHome page
H. Der, G. Kerekes, K. Veres, P. Szodoray, J. Toth, G. Lakos, G. Szegedi, and P. Soltesz
Impaired endothelial function and increased carotid intima-media thickness in association with elevated von Willebrand antigen level in primary antiphospholipid syndrome
Lupus, July 1, 2007; 16(7): 497 - 503.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
H. V. Joffe, R. Y. Kwong, M. D. Gerhard-Herman, C. Rice, K. Feldman, and G. K. Adler
Beneficial Effects of Eplerenone Versus Hydrochlorothiazide on Coronary Circulatory Function in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2552 - 2558.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
E. Zittan, M. Preis, I. Asmir, A. Cassel, N. Lindenfeld, S. Alroy, D. A. Halon, B. S. Lewis, A. Shiran, J. E. Schliamser, et al.
High frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency in asymptomatic individuals homozygous to MTHFR C677T mutation is associated with endothelial dysfunction and homocysteinemia
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H860 - H865.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
M. Negrean, A. Stirban, B. Stratmann, T. Gawlowski, T. Horstmann, C. Gotting, K. Kleesiek, M. Mueller-Roesel, T. Koschinsky, J. Uribarri, et al.
Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1236 - 1243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ANGIOLOGYHome page
A. T. Sezgin, I. Barutcu, N. Sezgin, H. Gullu, A. M. Esen, N. Acikgoz, E. Topal, and R. Ozdemir
Contribution of Plasma Lipid Disturbances to Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients With Slow Coronary Flow
Angiology, January 1, 2007; 57(6): 694 - 701.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
A. E. Donald, M. Charakida, T. J. Cole, P. Friberg, P. J. Chowienczyk, S. C. Millasseau, J. E. Deanfield, and J. P. Halcox
Non-Invasive Assessment of Endothelial Function: Which Technique?
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 7, 2006; 48(9): 1846 - 1850.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. S. Pena, E. Wiltshire, K. MacKenzie, R. Gent, L. Piotto, C. Hirte, and J. Couper
Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Function Relates to Body Mass Index and Glucose in Obese and Nonobese Children
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2006; 91(11): 4467 - 4471.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Nutr.Home page
J. Hallund, I. Tetens, S. Bugel, T. Tholstrup, M. Ferrari, T. Teerlink, A. Kjaer, and N. Wiinberg
Daily Consumption for Six Weeks of a Lignan Complex Isolated from Flaxseed Does Not Affect Endothelial Function in Healthy Postmenopausal Women
J. Nutr., September 1, 2006; 136(9): 2314 - 2318.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. J. Nicholls, P. Lundman, J. A. Harmer, B. Cutri, K. A. Griffiths, K.-A. Rye, P. J. Barter, and D. S. Celermajer
Consumption of Saturated Fat Impairs the Anti-Inflammatory Properties of High-Density Lipoproteins and Endothelial Function
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 15, 2006; 48(4): 715 - 720.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
IOVSHome page
W.-W. Su, S.-T. Cheng, T.-S. Hsu, and W.-J. Ho
Abnormal flow-mediated vasodilation in normal-tension glaucoma using a noninvasive determination for peripheral endothelial dysfunction.
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 3390 - 3394.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Vasc MedHome page
M. J Roman, T. Z Naqvi, J. M Gardin, M. Gerhard-Herman, M. Jaff, and E. Mohler
American Society of Echocardiography Report: Clinical application of noninvasive vascular ultrasound in cardiovascular risk stratification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology
Vascular Medicine, August 1, 2006; 11(3): 201 - 211.
[PDF]


Home page
J Antimicrob ChemotherHome page
J. J. R. Blanco, I. S. Garcia, J. G. Cerezo, J. M. P. S. de Rivera, P. M. Anaya, P. G. Raya, J. G. Garcia, J. R. A. Lopez, F. J. B. Hernandez, and J. J. V. Rodriguez
Endothelial function in HIV-infected patients with low or mild cardiovascular risk
J. Antimicrob. Chemother., July 1, 2006; 58(1): 133 - 139.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Vasc MedHome page
L. M Title, E. Ur, K. Giddens, M. J McQueen, and B. A Nassar
Folic acid improves endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes - an effect independent of homocysteine-lowering
Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2006; 11(2): 101 - 109.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
S. P. Loukogeorgakis, A. T. Panagiotidou, D. M. Yellon, J. E. Deanfield, and R. J. MacAllister
Postconditioning Protects Against Endothelial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Human Forearm
Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 1015 - 1019.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
JCOHome page
A. Y. Chow, C. Chin, G. Dahl, and D. N. Rosenthal
Anthracyclines Cause Endothelial Injury in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study
J. Clin. Oncol., February 20, 2006; 24(6): 925 - 928.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Vasc MedHome page
R. A Harris, J. Padilla, L. D Rink, and J. P Wallace
Variability of flow-mediated dilation measurements with repetitive reactive hyperemia
Vascular Medicine, February 1, 2006; 11(1): 1 - 6.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Diabetes CareHome page
J. G. Regensteiner, T. A. Bauer, and J. E.B. Reusch
Rosiglitazone Improves Exercise Capacity in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Diabetes Care, December 1, 2005; 28(12): 2877 - 2883.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Physiol.Home page
K. E Pyke and M. E Tschakovsky
The relationship between shear stress and flow-mediated dilatation: implications for the assessment of endothelial function
J. Physiol., October 15, 2005; 568(2): 357 - 369.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
G. D. Thomas
Flow-mediated dilation and biological variability
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2005; 99(4): 1626 - 1626.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
HeartHome page
J P J Halcox and J E Deanfield
Childhood origins of endothelial dysfunction
Heart, October 1, 2005; 91(10): 1272 - 1274.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
PERSPECT VASC SURG ENDOVASC THERHome page
C. J. Abularrage, A. N. Sidawy, G. Aidinian, N. Singh, J. M. Weiswasser, and S. Arora
Evaluation of Macrocirculatory Endothelium-Dependent and Endothelium-Independent Vasoreactivity in Vascular Disease
Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, September 1, 2005; 17(3): 245 - 253.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
S. P. Loukogeorgakis, A. T. Panagiotidou, M. W. Broadhead, A. Donald, J. E. Deanfield, and R. J. MacAllister
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Provides Early and Late Protection Against Endothelial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Humans: Role of the Autonomic Nervous System
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 2, 2005; 46(3): 450 - 456.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ChestHome page
A. L. Moens, I. Goovaerts, M. J. Claeys, and C. J. Vrints
Flow-Mediated Vasodilation: A Diagnostic Instrument, or an Experimental Tool?
Chest, June 1, 2005; 127(6): 2254 - 2263.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Vasc MedHome page
I. T Moe, H. Hoven, E. V Hetland, O. Rognmo, and S. A Slordahl
Endothelial function in highly endurance-trained and sedentary, healthy young women
Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2005; 10(2): 97 - 102.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
M. Charakida, A. E. Donald, M. Terese, S. Leary, J. P. Halcox, A. Ness, G. D. Smith, J. Golding, P. Friberg, N. J. Klein, et al.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Childhood Infection
Circulation, April 5, 2005; 111(13): 1660 - 1665.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular DiseaseHome page
J. Swampillai, S. Doshi, A. G Fraser, J. Goodfellow, and C. J. Jones
Review: Clinical assessment of endothelial function -- an update
The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, March 1, 2005; 5(2): 72 - 76.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Diabetes CareHome page
R. Rossi, E. Cioni, A. Nuzzo, G. Origliani, and M. G. Modena
Endothelial-Dependent Vasodilation and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in a Population of Healthy Postmenopausal Women
Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 702 - 707.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
M. R. Skilton, N. T. Lai, K. A. Griffiths, L. M. Molyneaux, D. K. Yue, D. R. Sullivan, and D. S. Celermajer
Meal-related increases in vascular reactivity are impaired in older and diabetic adults: insights into roles of aging and insulin in vascular flow
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1404 - H1410.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
H. A. Silber, P. Ouyang, D. A. Bluemke, S. N. Gupta, T. K. Foo, and J. A. C. Lima
Why is flow-mediated dilation dependent on arterial size? Assessment of the shear stimulus using phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): H822 - H828.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
F. Wiesmann, S. E. Petersen, P. M. Leeson, J. M. Francis, M. D. Robson, Q. Wang, R. Choudhury, K. M. Channon, and S. Neubauer
Global impairment of brachial, carotid, and aortic vascular function in young smokers: Direct quantification by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 16, 2004; 44(10): 2056 - 2064.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
K. B. Vallbracht, P. L. Schwimmbeck, U. Kuhl, B. Seeberg, and H.-P. Schultheiss
Endothelium-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of Systemic Arteries Is Impaired in Patients With Myocardial Virus Persistence
Circulation, November 2, 2004; 110(18): 2938 - 2945.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Rossi, E. Chiurlia, A. Nuzzo, E. Cioni, G. Origliani, and M. G. Modena
Flow-mediated vasodilation and the risk of developing hypertension in healthy postmenopausal women
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1636 - 1640.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. E. Pyke, E. M. Dwyer, and M. E. Tschakovsky
Impact of controlling shear rate on flow-mediated dilation responses in the brachial artery of humans
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 499 - 508.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
F. M. Maggi, S. Raselli, L. Grigore, L. Redaelli, S. Fantappie, and A. L. Catapano
Lipoprotein Remnants and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Postprandial Phase
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2004; 89(6): 2946 - 2950.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
K. S. Woo, P. Chook, C. W. Yu, R. Y.T. Sung, M. Qiao, S. S.F. Leung, C. W.K. Lam, C. Metreweli, and D. S. Celermajer
Effects of Diet and Exercise on Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction in Children
Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1981 - 1986.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
A. Singhal, T. J. Cole, M. Fewtrell, J. Deanfield, and A. Lucas
Is Slower Early Growth Beneficial for Long-Term Cardiovascular Health?
Circulation, March 9, 2004; 109(9): 1108 - 1113.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
ChestHome page
J. C. Yugar-Toledo, J. E. Tanus-Santos, M. Sabha, M. G. Sousa, M. Cittadino, L. H. B. Tacito, and H. Moreno Jr.
Uncontrolled Hypertension, Uncompensated Type II Diabetes, and Smoking Have Different Patterns of Vascular Dysfunction
Chest, March 1, 2004; 125(3): 823 - 830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
R. Fathi, B. Haluska, N. Isbel, L. Short, and T. H. Marwick
The relative importance of vascular structure and function in predicting cardiovascular events
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 616 - 623.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.Home page
M. S. M. Ip, H.-F. Tse, B. Lam, K. W. T. Tsang, and W.-K. Lam
Endothelial Function in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Response to Treatment
Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2004; 169(3): 348 - 353.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
A. C. Betik, V. B. Luckham, and R. L. Hughson
Flow-mediated dilation in human brachial artery after different circulatory occlusion conditions
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H442 - H448.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
RadiologyHome page
Y. H. Kao, E. R. Mohler, P. H. Arger, and C. M. Sehgal
Brachial Artery: Measurement of Flow-mediated Dilatation with Cross-sectional US—Technical Validation
Radiology, September 1, 2003; 228(3): 895 - 900.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
K. A. Griffiths, M. A. Sader, M. R. Skilton, J. A. Harmer, and D. S. Celermajer
Effects of raloxifene on endothelium-dependent dilation, lipoproteins, and markers of vascular function in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 698 - 704.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
J. T. Kuvin and R. H. Karas
Clinical Utility of Endothelial Function Testing: Ready for Prime Time?
Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3243 - 3247.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
M. de Divitiis, C. Pilla, M. Kattenhorn, A. Donald, M. Zadinello, S. Wallace, A. Redington, and J. Deanfield
Ambulatory blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and conduit artery function late after successful repair of coarctation of the aorta
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 18, 2003; 41(12): 2259 - 2265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
QJMHome page
A.-Y. Chong, A.D. Blann, and G.Y.H. Lip
Assessment of endothelial damage and dysfunction: observations in relation to heart failure
QJM, April 1, 2003; 96(4): 253 - 267.
[Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
T. J. Anderson, J. Hubacek, D. G. Wyse, and M. L. Knudtson
Effect of chelation therapy on endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease: PATCH substudy
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 5, 2003; 41(3): 420 - 425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
CirculationHome page
F.M. Fennessy, D.S. Moneley, J.H. Wang, C.J. Kelly, and D.J. Bouchier-Hayes
Taurine and Vitamin C Modify Monocyte and Endothelial Dysfunction in Young Smokers
Circulation, January 28, 2003; 107(3): 410 - 415.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J Am Coll CardiolHome page
E. Poggianti, L. Venneri, V. Chubuchny, Z. Jambrik, L. A. Baroncini, and E. Picano
Aortic valve sclerosis is associatedwith systemic endothelial dysfunction
J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 136 - 141.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio.Home page
K. K. Koh, J. Y. Ahn, D. K. Jin, B.-K. Yoon, H. S. Kim, D. S. Kim, M.-S. Shin, J. W. Son, I. S. Choi, and E. K. Shin
Effects of Continuous Combined Hormone Replacement Therapy on Inflammation in Hypertensive and/or Overweight Postmenopausal Women
Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., September 1, 2002; 22(9): 1459 - 1464.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


</