Relation of serum cytokine concentrations to cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease.

M. A. Mendall, P. Patel, M. Asante, L. Ballam, J. Morris, D. P. Strachan, A. J. Camm, T. C. Northfield

Mayday University Hospital, Thornton Health, Surrey, UK.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which regulate C reactive protein, are associated with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent coronary heart disease. DESIGN: A population based cross sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 198 men aged 50 to 69 years were part of a random population sample drawn from south London. Serum cytokine and C reactive protein concentrations were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The presence of coronary heart disease was determined by Rose angina questionnaire and Minnesota coded electrocardiogram. RESULTS: Serum TNF alpha concentrations were positively related to body mass index and Helicobacter pylori infection, but inversely related to alcohol consumption. IL-6 concentrations were positively associated with smoking, symptoms of chronic bronchitis, age, and father having a manual occupation. TNF alpha was associated with increased IL-6 and triglycerides, and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol. IL-6 was associated with raised fibrinogen, sialic acid, and triglycerides. ECG abnormalities were independently associated with increases in IL-6 and TNF alpha, each by approximately 50% (P < 0.05 for TNF alpha, P < 0.1 for IL-6). The corresponding increases in men with an abnormal ECG or symptomatic coronary heart disease were 28% for TNF alpha and 36% for IL-6 (P = 0.14 for TNF alpha and P < 0.05 for IL-6). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that many of the phenomena with which C reactive protein is associated, are also associated with serum levels of cytokine, which may be the mechanism.

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Sunyer, J., Forastiere, F., Pekkanen, J., Plana, E., Kolz, M., Pistelli, R., Jacquemin, B., Bruske-Hohlfeld, I., Pitsavos, Ch., Bellander, T., Koenig, W., Peters, A., on behalf of the AIRGENE Study Group, (2009). Interaction between smoking and the interleukin-6 gene affects systemic levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Nicotine Tob Res 11: 1347-1353 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Kountouras, J. (2009). Helicobacter pylori: an intruder involved in conspiring glaucomatous neuropathy. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 1413-1415 [Full Text]  
• Sluijs, I., Beulens, J. W. J., Grobbee, D. E., van der Schouw, Y. T. (2009). Dietary Carotenoid Intake Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Men. J. Nutr. 139: 987-992 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Steinberger, J., Daniels, S. R., Eckel, R. H., Hayman, L., Lustig, R. H., McCrindle, B., Mietus-Snyder, M. L. (2009). Progress and Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Young Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 119: 628-647 [Full Text]  
• Petersen, K. L., Marsland, A. L., Flory, J., Votruba-Drzal, E., Muldoon, M. F., Manuck, S. B. (2008). Community Socioeconomic Status is Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein. Psychosom. Med. 70: 646-652 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Gimeno, D, Ferrie, J E, Elovainio, M, Pulkki-Raback, L, Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L, Eklund, C, Hurme, M, Lehtimaki, T, Marniemi, J, Viikari, J S A, Raitakari, O T, Kivimaki, M (2008). When do social inequalities in C-reactive protein start? A life course perspective from conception to adulthood in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Int J Epidemiol 37: 290-298 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Hong, S., Nelesen, R. A., Krohn, P. L., Mills, P. J., Dimsdale, J. E. (2006). The Association of Social Status and Blood Pressure With Markers of Vascular Inflammation. Psychosom. Med. 68: 517-523 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yoshida, T., Kaneshi, T., Shimabukuro, T., Sunagawa, M., Ohta, T. (2006). Serum C-Reactive Protein and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Adipocytokines in Japanese Children. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91: 2133-2137 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Otani, T., Iwasaki, M., Sasazuki, S., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study, (2006). Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of colorectal cancer in a nested case-control study: Japan public health center-based prospective study.. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15: 690-695 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Loucks, E. B., Sullivan, L. M., Hayes, L. J., D'Agostino, R. B. Sr., Larson, M. G., Vasan, R. S., Benjamin, E. J., Berkman, L. F. (2006). Association of Educational Level with Inflammatory Markers in the Framingham Offspring Study. Am J Epidemiol 163: 622-628 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Anand, I. S., Latini, R., Florea, V. G., Kuskowski, M. A., Rector, T., Masson, S., Signorini, S., Mocarelli, P., Hester, A., Glazer, R., Cohn, J. N., for the Val-HeFT Investigators, (2005). C-Reactive Protein in Heart Failure: Prognostic Value and the Effect of Valsartan. Circulation 112: 1428-1434 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Nicklas, B. J., You, T., Pahor, M. (2005). Behavioural treatments for chronic systemic inflammation: effects of dietary weight loss and exercise training. CMAJ 172: 1199-1209 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Huiart, L., Ernst, P., Ranouil, X., Suissa, S. (2005). Low-dose inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of acute myocardial infarction in COPD. Eur Respir J 25: 634-639 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tapson, V. F. (2005). The Role of Smoking in Coagulation and Thromboembolism in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2: 71-77 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Bezzina Wettinger, S., Doggen, C. J. M., Spek, C. A., Rosendaal, F. R., Reitsma, P. H. (2005). High throughput mRNA profiling highlights associations between myocardial infarction and aberrant expression of inflammatory molecules in blood cells. Blood 105: 2000-2006 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Chase, H. P., Cooper, S., Osberg, I., Stene, L. C., Barriga, K., Norris, J., Eisenbarth, G. S., Rewers, M. (2004). Elevated C-Reactive Protein Levels in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 53: 2569-2573 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Ambrose, J. A., Barua, R. S. (2004). The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: 1731-1737 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• de Lorgeril, M, Salen, P (2004). Is alcohol anti-inflammatory in the context of coronary heart disease?. Heart 90: 355-357 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Poullis, A., Foster, R., Shetty, A., Fagerhol, M. K., Mendall, M. A. (2004). Bowel Inflammation as Measured by Fecal Calprotectin: A Link between Lifestyle Factors and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13: 279-284 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jousilahti, P, Salomaa, V, Rasi, V, Vahtera, E, Palosuo, T (2003). Association of markers of systemic inflammation, C reactive protein, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen, with socioeconomic status. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 57: 730-733 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Schram, M. T., Chaturvedi, N., Schalkwijk, C., Giorgino, F., Ebeling, P., Fuller, J. H., Stehouwer, C. D. (2003). Vascular Risk Factors and Markers of Endothelial Function as Determinants of Inflammatory Markers in Type 1 Diabetes: The EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Diabetes Care 26: 2165-2173 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Davison, S., Davis, S. R. (2003). New Markers for Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women: Impact of Endogenous Estrogen Status and Exogenous Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 2470-2478 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Suarez, E. C., Krishnan, R. R., Lewis, J. G. (2003). The Relation of Severity of Depressive Symptoms to Monocyte-Associated Proinflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines in Apparently Healthy Men. Psychosom. Med. 65: 362-368 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Despres, J.-P., Lemieux, I., Pascot, A., Almeras, N., Dumont, M., Nadeau, A., Bergeron, J., Prud'homme, D. (2003). Gemfibrozil Reduces Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels in Abdominally Obese Men With the Atherogenic Dyslipidemia of the Metabolic Syndrome. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 23: 702-703 [Full Text]  
• Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., Marfella, R., Nicoletti, G., Giugliano, D. (2003). Association of Low Interleukin-10 Levels with the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 1055-1058 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Thorand, B., Lowel, H., Schneider, A., Kolb, H., Meisinger, C., Frohlich, M., Koenig, W. (2003). C-Reactive Protein as a Predictor for Incident Diabetes Mellitus Among Middle-aged Men: Results From the MONICA Augsburg Cohort Study, 1984-1998. Arch Intern Med 163: 93-99 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Simopoulos, A. P. (2002). Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 21: 495-505 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jenny, N. S., Tracy, R. P., Ogg, M. S., Luong, L. A., Kuller, L. H., Arnold, A. M., Sharrett, A. R., Humphries, S. E. (2002). In the Elderly, Interleukin-6 Plasma Levels and the -174G>C Polymorphism Are Associated With the Development of Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 22: 2066-2071 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Spies, C. D., Kern, H., Schroder, T., Sander, M., Sepold, H., Lang, P., Stangl, K., Behrens, S., Sinha, P., Schaffartzik, W., Wernecke, K.-D., Kox, W. J., Jain, U. (2002). Myocardial Ischemia and Cytokine Response Are Associated with Subsequent Onset of Infections After Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth. Analg. 95: 9-18 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Galante, A., Pietroiusti, A., Vellini, M., Piccolo, P., Possati, G., De Bonis, M., Grillo, R. L., Fontana, C., Favalli, C. (2001). C-reactive protein is increased in patients with degenerative aortic valvular stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 38: 1078-1082 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• POULLIS, A, MENDALL, M A, WIGG, A J, CUMMINS, A G (2001). Alcohol, obesity, and TNF-{alpha} Reply. Gut 49: 313-314 [Full Text]  
• Bolton, C. H., Downs, L. G., Victory, J. G.G., Dwight, J. F., Tomson, C. R.V., Mackness, M. I., Pinkney, J. H. (2001). Endothelial dysfunction in chronic renal failure: roles of lipoprotein oxidation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Nephrol Dial Transplant 16: 1189-1197 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Lemieux, I., Pascot, A., Prud'homme, D., Almeras, N., Bogaty, P., Nadeau, A., Bergeron, J., Despres, J.-P. (2001). Elevated C-Reactive Protein : Another Component of the Atherothrombotic Profile of Abdominal Obesity. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 21: 961-967 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mazzone, A, De Servi, S, Mazzucchelli, I, Bossi, I, Ottini, E, Vezzoli, M, Meloni, F, Lotzinker, M, Mariani, G (2001). Increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators in unstable angina: correlation with serum troponin T. Heart 85: 571-575 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mendall, M.A, Strachan, D.P, Butland, B.K, Ballam, L, Morris, J, Sweetnam, P.M, Elwood, P.C (2000). C-reactive protein: relation to total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular risk factors in men. Eur Heart J 21: 1584-1590 [Abstract]  
• Fernández-Real, J.-M., Broch, M., Vendrell Cristóbal Richart, J., Ricart, W. (2000). Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphism and Lipid Abnormalities in Healthy Subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 1334-1339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Straub, R. H., Hense, H. W., Andus, T., Schölmerich, J., Riegger, G. A. J., Schunkert, H. (2000). Hormone Replacement Therapy and Interrelation between Serum Interleukin-6 and Body Mass Index in Postmenopausal Women: A Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 1340-1344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• SONG, D.-K., IM, Y.-B., JUNG, J.-S., SUH, H.-W., HUH, S.-O., SONG, J.-H., KIM, Y.-H. (1999). Central injection of nicotine increases hepatic and splenic interleukin 6 (IL-6) mRNA expression and plasma IL-6 levels in mice: involvement of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. FASEB J. 13: 1259-1267 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Leontiadis, G. I., Sharma, V. K., Howden, C. W. (1999). Non-Gastrointestinal Tract Associations of Helicobacter pylori Infection: What Is the Evidence?. Arch Intern Med 159: 925-940 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Jung, W., Irwin, M. (1999). Reduction of Natural Killer Cytotoxic Activity in Major Depression: Interaction Between Depression and Cigarette Smoking. Psychosom. Med. 61: 263-270 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Yudkin, J. S., Stehouwer, C. D. A., Emeis, J. J., Coppack, S. W. (1999). C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Subjects: Associations With Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Endothelial Dysfunction : A Potential Role for Cytokines Originating From Adipose Tissue?. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Bio. 19: 972-978 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Murray, L J, O'Reilly, D P J, Ong, G M L, O'Neill, C, Evans, A E, Bamford, K B (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies are associated with an atherogenic lipid profile. Heart 81: 239-244 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Pahor, M., Elam, M. B., Garrison, R. J., Kritchevsky, S. B., Applegate, W. B. (1999). Emerging Noninvasive Biochemical Measures to Predict Cardiovascular Risk. Arch Intern Med 159: 237-245 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Serri, O., St-Jacques, P., Sartippour, M., Renier, G. (1999). Alterations of Monocyte Function in Patients with Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency: Effect of Substitutive GH Therapy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 58-63 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• THOMPSON, G R (1998). Serum cytokines and cardiovascular risk factors. Heart 79: 422b-422 [Full Text]  
• Ziccardi, P., Nappo, F., Giugliano, G., Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Cioffi, M., D'Andrea, F., Molinari, A. M., Giugliano, D. (2002). Reduction of Inflammatory Cytokine Concentrations and Improvement of Endothelial Functions in Obese Women After Weight Loss Over One Year. Circulation 105: 804-809 [Abstract] [Full Text]