CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a web-based risk score for seven British black and minority ethnic groups

P Brindle¹, M May¹, P Gill², F Cappuccio³, R D’Agostino, Sr⁴, C Fischbacher⁵ and S Ebrahim⁶

¹ Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
² Department of Primary Care and General Practice, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
³ Clinical Sciences Research Institute, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
⁴ Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
⁵ Public Health Sciences Section, Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
⁶ London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr Peter Brindle
Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, Whiteladies Road, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK; peter.brindle{at}nhs.net

Objective: To recalibrate an existing Framingham risk score to produce a web-based tool for estimating the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in seven British black and minority ethnic groups.

Design: Risk prediction models were recalibrated against survey data on ethnic group risk factors and disease prevalence compared with the general population. Ethnic- and sex-specific 10-year risks of CHD and CVD, at the means of the risk factors for each ethnic group, were calculated from the product of the incidence rate in the general population and the prevalence ratios for each ethnic group.

Setting: Two community-based surveys.

Participants: 3778 men and 4544 women, aged 35–54, from the Health Surveys for England 1998 and 1999 and the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study.

Main outcome measures: 10-year risk of CHD and CVD.

Results: 10-year risk of CHD and CVD for non-smoking people aged 50 years with a systolic blood pressure of 130 mm Hg and a total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio of 4.2 was highest in men for those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin (CVD risk 12.6% and 12.8%, respectively). CHD risk in men with the same risk factor values was lowest in Caribbeans (2.8%) and CVD risk was lowest in Chinese (5.4%). Women of Pakistani origin were at highest risk and Chinese women at lowest risk for both outcomes with CVD risks of 6.6% and 1.2%, respectively. A web-based risk calculator (ETHRISK) allows 10-year risks to be estimated in routine primary care settings for relevant risk factor and ethnic group combinations.

Conclusions: In the absence of cohort studies in the UK that include significant numbers of black and minority ethnic groups, this risk score provides a pragmatic solution to including people from diverse ethnic backgrounds in the primary prevention of CVD.

Abbreviations: BMEG, black and minority ethnic group; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; HDL, high density lipoprotein; SMR, standardised mortality ratio

CiteULike    Complore    Connotea    Del.icio.us    Digg    Reddit    Technorati    What's this?

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Chow, C K, Joshi, R, Celermajer, D S, Patel, A, Neal, B C (2009). Recalibration of a Framingham risk equation for a rural population in India. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 63: 379-385 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Cappuccio, F. P (2008). Commentary: Controversies in NICE guidance on lipid modification for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. BMJ 336: 1248-1249 [Full Text]  
• Patel, K. C., Minhas, R., Lincoln, P., Dhillon, R. K (2008). Strategic challenges in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. JRSM 101: 105-107 [Full Text]  
• Chauhan, U. (2007). Cardiovascular disease prevention in primary care. Br Med Bull 0: ldm002v1-15 [Abstract] [Full Text]