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ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES |
1 Cardiovascular Research, Division of Medical & Radiological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
2 Center for Outcomes Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
3 Cardiology, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
4 Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
5 Department of Cardiology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
6 Postgraduate Medical School, Grochowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
7 Department of Cardiology, ICYCC Favaloro Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina
8 Canadian Heart Research Centre and Terrence Donnelly Heart Centre, Division of Cardiology, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
9 Coronary Care Unit, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Professor Keith A A Fox
Cardiovascular Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor’s Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; k.a.a.fox{at}ed.ac.uk
ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine whether revascularisation is more likely to be performed in higher-risk patients and whether the findings are influenced by hospitals adopting more or less aggressive revascularisation strategies.
Methods: GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) is a multinational, observational cohort study. This study involved 24 189 patients enrolled at 73 hospitals with on-site angiographic facilities.
Results: Overall, 32.5% of patients with a non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; 53.7% in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)) and 7.2% underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG; 4.0% in STEMI). The cumulative rate of in-hospital death rose correspondingly with the GRACE risk score (variables: age, Killip class, systolic blood pressure, ST segment deviation, cardiac arrest at admission, serum creatinine, raised cardiac markers, heart rate), from 1.2% in low-risk to 3.3% in medium-risk and 13.0% in high-risk patients (c statistic = 0.83). PCI procedures were more likely to be performed in low- (40% non-STEMI, 60% STEMI) than medium- (35%, 54%) or high-risk patients (25%, 41%). No such gradient was apparent for patients undergoing CABG. These findings were seen in STEMI and non-ST elevation ACS, in all geographical regions and irrespective of whether hospitals adopted low (4.2–33.7%, n = 7210 observations), medium (35.7–51.4%, n = 7913 observations) or high rates (52.6–77.0%, n = 8942 observations) of intervention.
Conclusions: A risk-averse strategy to angiography appears to be widely adopted. Proceeding to PCI relates to referral practice and angiographic findings rather than the patient’s risk status. Systematic and accurate risk stratification may allow higher-risk patients to be selected for revascularisation procedures, in contrast to current international practice.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; GRACE, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events; ICTUS, Invasive versus Conservative Treatment in Unstable Coronary Syndromes; NSTEMI, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI, ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
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