EDUCATION IN HEART
Heart failure
MANAGEMENT OF END STAGE HEART FAILURE
Klinik für Innere Medizin III, (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
Correspondence to:
Correspondence to:
Dr Erik B Friedrich
Klinik für Innere Medizin III, (Kardiologie, Angiologie, Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätskliniken des Saarlandes, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany; efriedrich@med-in.uni-sb.de
| The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. |
Heart failure is a major public health problem, with a patient population of at least 10 million in Europe and approximately 5 million in North America.1–3 Because of its age-dependent increase in incidence and prevalence, heart failure is one of the leading causes of death and hospitalisation among the elderly. As a consequence of the worldwide increase in life expectancy, and due to improvements in the treatment of heart failure in recent years, the proportion of patients that reach an advanced phase of the disease, so-called end stage, refractory or terminal heart failure, is steadily growing. Patients with end stage heart failure fall into stage D of the ABCD classification of the American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA), and class III–IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification; they are characterised by advanced structural heart disease and pronounced symptoms of heart failure at rest
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