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Gender differences in heart failure

Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

Correspondence to:
Ana Azevedo, MD, PhD, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; anazev@med.up.pt

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

Ten years ago, a review in the journal Public Health set out an agenda for public health research in heart failure by identifying six areas where major gaps remained in knowledge (at that time).¹ One of the six issues was titled "Are women getting a fair deal?", calling attention to how research into cardiovascular diseases was noteworthy for the extent to which women were under-represented or excluded. The authors attributed this situation to an underlying belief that cardiovascular disease is primarily a male problem.

This belief was in fact a prejudice resulting from the confusion between absolute and relative measures! It is true that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease and heart failure, is higher in men, particularly at younger ages. However, they are still a major cause of death and disability among women, more frequent than breast cancer and other diseases seen as major problems of . . . [Full text of this article]