Article Text
Abstract
Exercise training fosters the health and performance of the cardiovascular system, and represents nowadays a powerful tool for cardiovascular therapy. Exercise exerts its beneficial effects through reducing cardiovascular risk factors, and directly affecting the cellular and molecular remodelling of the heart. Traditionally, moderate endurance exercise training has been viewed to determine a balanced and revertible physiological growth, through cardiomyocyte hypertrophy accompanied by appropriate neoangiogenesis (the Athlete's Heart). These cellular adaptations are due to the activation of signalling pathways and in particular, the IGF-1/IGF-1R/Akt axis appears to have a major role. Recently, it has been shown that physical exercise determines cardiac growth also through new cardiomyocyte formation. Accordingly, burgeoning evidence indicates that exercise training activates circulating, as well as resident tissue-specific cardiac, stem/progenitor cells. Dissecting the mechanisms for stem/progenitor cell activation with exercise will be instrumental to devise new effective therapies, encompassing myocardial regeneration for a large spectrum of cardiovascular diseases.
- Basic science
- cardiac remodelling
- cardiac stem cells
- cytokines
- endurance exercise
- gene expression
- growth factors
- myocardial ischaemia and infarction (IHD)
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Footnotes
Funding Funding was received from British Heart Foundation, Marie Curie FP7, Italian Ministry of Health, FIRB-Futuro-in-Ricerca and Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (AIRC). Grant numbers PG/08/085, PIRG02-GA-2007-224853, GR-2008-1142673, RBFR081CCS and MFAG-2008.
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.