This study assessed the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on survival in a large cohort of older coronary patients.
Background
Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have shown that CR improves survival. However, trial participants have been predominantly middle-aged, low- or moderate-risk, white men.
Methods
The population consisted of 601,099 U.S. Medicare beneficiaries who were hospitalized for coronary conditions or cardiac revascularization procedures. One- to 5-year mortality rates were examined in CR users and nonusers using Medicare claims and 3 analytic techniques: propensity-based matching, regression modeling, and instrumental variables. The first method used 70,040 matched pairs, and the other 2 techniques used the entire cohort.
Results
Only 12.2% of the cohort used CR, and those users averaged 24 sessions. Each technique showed significantly lower (p < 0.001) 1- to 5-year mortality rates in CR users than nonusers. Five-year mortality relative reductions were 34% in propensity-based matching, 26% from regression modeling, and 21% with instrumental variables. Mortality reductions extended to all demographic and clinical subgroups including patients with acute myocardial infarctions, those receiving revascularization procedures, and those with congestive heart failure. The CR users with 25 or more sessions were 19% relatively less likely to die over 5 years than matched CR users with 24 or fewer sessions (p < 0.001).
Conclusions
Mortality rates were 21% to 34% lower in CR users than nonusers in this socioeconomically and clinically diverse, older population after extensive analyses to control for potential confounding. These results are of similar magnitude to those observed in published randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses in younger, more selected populations.
Key Words
cardiac rehabilitation
coronary heart disease
AMI
CABG
elderly
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CHD
coronary heart disease
CHF
congestive heart failure
CR
cardiac rehabilitation
IV
instrumental variable
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
Cited by (0)
Drs. Suaya, Stason, and Shepard were supported in part by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) contracts 500-95-0060 (Task Order 02) and/or 500-02-0012-MDBU (Maryland and Brandeis University).