Time series analyses of pollutants causing adverse cardiovascular health effects
| Time series study | Geographic area | Pollutants | CVS mortality effect |
|---|---|---|---|
| APHEA, Air Pollution and Health: a European approach; CCF, congestive cardiac failure; CVS, cardiovascular system; IQR, interquartile range; RR; relative risk; TSP, total suspended particles. | |||
| Wichmann 19851 | West Germany 1985 | SO2 | 8% ↑ mortality during smog |
| TSP | 6% ↑ CVS mortality (15% ↑ admissions) | ||
| Schwartz 19902 | London 1958–1972 | Black smoke, SO2 | Significant predictors of all cause mortality |
| Katsouyanni 19903 | Athens 1975–1982 | SO2, black smoke | Higher respiratory and CVS mortality on polluted days |
| Kinney 19914 | Los Angeles County 1970–1979 | Particles, CO, NO2 | Strongly associated with daily CVS mortality |
| Schwartz 19925 | Philadelphia 1973–1980 | SO2 | 5% ↑ mortality/100 μg ↑ |
| TSP | 7% ↑ mortality/100 μg ↑, 10% ↑ CVS mortality | ||
| Dockery 19936 | 6 US cities | Fine particles, sulfates | Association between cardiopulmonary mortality and level of pollution in city |
| Schwartz 19947 | Philadelphia death certificates 1973–1980 | TSP | RR death = 1.08 on high v low pollution day, ↑ heart disease and stroke deaths |
| Schwartz 19948 | Meta-analysis | TSP | RR death = 1.06 for 100 μg ↑ |
| Anderson 19969 | London 1987–1992 | Black smoke | 2.5% ↑ daily mortality/7–19 μg/m3 ↑ |
| SO2 | SO2 also significant | ||
| Ozone | 3.6% ↑ CVS mortality/7–36 PB ↑ | ||
| Ponka 199810 | Helsinki 1987–1993 | PM10 | 4.1% ↑ CVS mortality/10 μg/m3 ↑ |
| Ozone | 9.9% ↑ CVS mortality/20 μg/m3 ↑ | ||
| NO2 | Additive effect with PM10 and ozone | ||
| Zmirou 199811 | 10 European cities | Black smoke | RR CVS mortality 1.02/50 μg/m3 ↑ |
| SO2 | RR CVS mortality 1.04/50 μg/m3 ↑ | ||
| Ostro 199912 | Bangkok 1992–1995 | PM10 | 2% ↑ CVS mortality/10 μg/m3 ↑ |
| Rossi 199913 | Milan 1980–1989 | TSP | 7% ↑ heart failure deaths/100 μg/m3 ↑, 10% ↑ myocardial infarction mortality/100 μg/m3 ↑ |
| Samet 200014 | 20 U cities 1987–1994 | PM10 | ↑ Rate of CVS/respiratory mortality, 0.68% for each ↑ PM10 of 10 μg/m3 |
| SO2, CO, ozone, NO2 | Weak associations | ||
| Kwon 200115 | Seoul 1994–1998 | PM10, SO2, | RR mortality 1.014/IQR ↑ PM10 |
| CO, ozone | RR mortality 1.020/IQR ↑ CO | ||
| NO2 | Effect 2.5–4.1% higher in CCF | ||
| Katsouyanni 200116 | 29 European cities APHEA 2 | PM10 | ↑ Rate of CVS/respiratory mortality 0.6% for each ↑ PM10 of 10 μg/m3, effect size greater in elderly, with high NO2, or in cold climates |