Predictors of impaired left ventricular ejection fraction—univariate analysis
| : | Women | Men | OR† | 95% CI for OR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LVEF >40% (n = 420) | LVEF ⩽40% (n = 11) | LVEF >40% (n = 306) | LVEF ⩽40% (n = 25) | |||
| *p<0.05; **p<0.005; ***p<0.0001. | ||||||
| †Common odds ratio for men and women; ‡not significant. | ||||||
| Co-morbidities as assessed based on the following definitions: §(1) MI discharge diagnosis, (2) self reported MI and Q waves or left bundle branch block (LBBB) or T wave inversion, (3) CAD discharge diagnosis or self reported chest pains on exertion and significant ST segment depression or elevation; ¶(1) self reported hypertension and BP > 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic, antihypertensive drugs, or both or (2) blood pressure > 140/90 mm Hg and current treatment or (3) blood pressure > 161 mm Hg systolic or 112 mm Hg diastolic; ††self reported diabetes and antidiabetic treatment or random blood glucose > 11.1 mmol/l or haemoglobin A1c > 7.5%; ‡‡self reported COPD and cough or treatment for asthma (ATC code r03-). | ||||||
| CI, confidence interval; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; IHD, ischaemic heart disease; OR, odds ratio. | ||||||
| Medical history, symptoms and cardiovascular medication | ||||||
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 22.1% | 18.2%‡ | 22.2% | 56.0%*** | 2.8 | 1.39 to 5.47 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.8% | 9.1%‡ | 7.5% | 16.0%‡ | 2.3 | 0.83 to 6.19 |
| CAD | 4.0% | 9.1%‡ | 3.9% | 20.0%** | 4.8 | 1.81 to 12.75 |
| HF | 3.1% | 18.2%* | 5.9% | 16.0%* | 3.3 | 1.50 to 9.89 |
| COPD | 10.7% | 18.2%‡ | 8.2% | 16.0%‡ | 2.0 | 0.81 to 5.12 |
| Admissions for | ||||||
| Pulmonary congestion | 2.9% | 36.4%*** | 3.9% | 24.0%*** | 10.3 | 4.40 to 24.20 |
| Ankle swelling | 3.6% | 0.0%‡ | 5.2% | 8.0%‡ | 1.2 | 0.26 to 5.23 |
| MI | 2.9% | 27.3%*** | 2.9% | 32.0%*** | 14.7 | 6.18 to 34.63 |
| Symptoms | ||||||
| Dyspnoea | 32.4% | 81.8%** | 25.8% | 56.8%** | 4.8 | 2.33 to 9.77 |
| Ankle swelling | 27.4% | 27.3%‡ | 15.0% | 28.0%‡ | 1.6 | 0.77 to 3.52 |
| Chest pains | 13.8% | 18.2%‡ | 13.1% | 28.0%* | 2.3 | 0.98 to 4.77 |
| CV medication | ||||||
| Diuretics | 20.7% | 36.4%‡ | 8.8% | 40.0%*** | ||
| ACE inhibitor and ATIIB | 4.0% | 18.2%* | 5.9% | 36.0%*** | ||
| Digitalis | 3.3% | 9.1%‡ | 3.3% | 20.0%*** | ||
| β Receptor blocker | 4.5% | 0.0%‡ | 3.3% | 8.0%‡ | ||
| Other CV drugs | 7.9% | 18.2%‡ | 7.2% | 32.0%*** | ||
| Current daily smoker | 32.4% | 36.4%‡ | 45.1% | 24.0%* | 0.56 | 0.27 to 1.18 |
| Echocardiography and ECG | ||||||
| LVH (echocardiography) | 3.3% | 0.0%‡ | 4.6% | 4.0%‡ | 0.6 | 0.08 to 4.98 |
| VHD (moderate and severe) | 1.9% | 18.2%** | 0.3% | 12.0%*** | 20.0 | 5.56 to 72.17 |
| Abnormal ECG | 26.5% | 90.9%*** | 29.3% | 94.7%*** | 35.8 | 8.41 to 152.43 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3.2% | 9.1%‡ | 3.6% | 0.0%‡ | 0.98 | 0.13 to 7.39 |
| Diagnosed disease | ||||||
| Definite IHD§ | 1.2% | 9.1%* | 1.6% | 32.0%*** | 22.1 | 7.92 to 61.67 |
| Definite hypertension¶ | 32.3% | 45.5%‡ | 33.6% | 55.0%‡ | 2.2 | 1.04 to 4.45 |
| Definite DM†† | 4.8% | 9.1%‡ | 8.2% | 8.7%‡ | 1.3 | 0.37 to 4.35 |
| Definite COPD‡‡ | 8.3% | 18.2%‡ | 7.2% | 12.0%‡ | 2.0 | 0.74 to 5.37 |
| Assessment of objective variables (data are means) | ||||||
| LVEF >40% | LVEF ⩽40% | p Value | LVEF >40% | LVEF ⩽40% | p Value | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 145 | 142 | NS | 144 | 136 | NS |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 86 | 82 | NS | 88 | 82 | NS |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 76 | 78 | NS | 75 | 69 | NS |
| LVEDD (mm) | 44 | 55 | 0.001 | 48 | 55 | <0.0001 |
| Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) (geometric mean) | 78.9 | 105.4 | <0.001 | 91.4 | 100.4 | 0.03 |