Cardiac shunt (ASD, VSD, etc) | Negative contrast effect: “hole” in opacified RA or RV |
| Easy passage of contrast to LA or LV |
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Extracardiac shunt: PDA | Visualisation of contrast in aorta and peripheral circulation without left heart effect |
–pulmonary AV fistula | Appearance of contrast in LA via pulmonary veins |
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Patent foramen ovale | Contrast in LA immediately after visualisation in RA |
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Structure identification (persistent left SVC) | Visualisation of contrast in enlarged coronary sinus and RA after injection into left (but not right) antecubital vein |
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Evaluation of TR | Enhanced colour and spectral Doppler |
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Evaluation of complex congenital heart disease | Combination of above |