Effects of inflammation on thrombosis–haemostasis
| IL, interleukin; LDL, low density lipoprotein; PAI, plasminogen activator inhibitor. | |
| 1 | Inflammatory cytokines modulate the haemostatic properties of the endothelium |
| 2 | Local effects of inflammatory cells on digestion of the fibrous cap lead to plaque disruption and thrombus formation |
| 3 | Inflammation can affect systemic haemostatic activity by IL-6 mediated stimulation of hepatocytes to produce acute phase reactants (coagulation factors, PAI-1) |
| 4 | Enhanced CD40L-CD40 interaction promotes thrombotic activity by enhancing tissue factor expression in macrophages and through the direct regulation of endothelial procoagulant activity |
| 5 | Activated platelets may mediate the homing of leucocytes by interaction with the subendothelial matrix under shear stresses |
| 6 | Oxidised LDL induces tissue factor expression in macrophages and decreases the anticoagulant activity of endothelium by interfering with thrombomodulin expression and inactivating tissue factor pathway inhibitor |
| 7 | Acute phase reactants are associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular events which are mediated by acute thrombosis (for example, C reactive protein, fibrinogen, factor VIII) |