Haemodynamic responses to cardiopulmonary receptors loading and unloading in controls and heart failure patients
| Baseline | Raised legs | LBNP | Gain | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −7 mm Hg | −14 mm Hg | ||||
| *p<0.05 v controls; †p<0.05 v NYHA class I. | |||||
| CVP, central venous pressure; FBF, forearm blood flow; FVR, forearm vascular resistance; LBNP, lower body negative pressure; MAP, mean arterial blood pressure; NYHA, New York Heart Association. | |||||
| Controls | |||||
| CVP (cm H2O) | 1.8 (0.5) | 5.2 (1.4) | −0.1 (0.9) | −1.2 (0.6) | |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 90 (7) | 88 (7) | 89 (9) | 90 (9) | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 72 (9) | 73 (7) | 74 (7) | 77 (8) | |
| FBF (ml/min/100 g) | 5.2 (0.8) | 5.9 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.4) | |
| FVR (U) | 17.8 (3.9) | 15.4 (3.6) | 24.9 (6.4) | 33.6 (7.3) | −2.78 (0.66) |
| NYHA class I | |||||
| CVP (cm H2O) | 1.6 (0.7) | 4.7 (1.6) | −0.6 (1.1) | −1.5 (0.9) | |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 93 (9) | 94 (12) | 93 (10) | 92 (8) | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 67 (4) | 67 (6) | 70 (5) | 70 (5) | |
| FBF (ml/min/100 g) | 4.6 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.2 (1.0) | |
| FVR (U) | 21.4 (5.4) | 18.9 (4.6) | 27.5 (8.0) | 31.9 (9.4) | −1.99 (0.83)* |
| NYHA class II | |||||
| CVP (cm H2O) | 2.1 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.8) | −0.2 (0.6) | −1.1 (0.6) | |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 93 (5) | 94 (8) | 93 (5) | 93 (5) | |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 72 (8) | 72 (9) | 73 (9) | 75 (11) | |
| FBF (ml/min/100 g) | 4.2 (1.1)* | 4.5 (0.8)* | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.2 (0.9) | |
| FVR (U) | 23.6 (5.5)* | 21.8 (4.1)* | 27.1 (6.1) | 27.3 (5.6) | −1.29 (0.5)*† |