Comparison of characteristics between cases and controls
| Variable | Total | Cases | Controls | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Values are n (%) or mean (SD). Comparison of variables between cases and controls was done using the t test for continuous variables and the χ2 test for discrete variables. | ||||
| *Overweight defined as BMI >25 kg/m2. | ||||
| †Obesity defined as BMI ⩾30 kg/m2. | ||||
| ‡Raised blood glucose defined as fasting blood glucose ⩾6.1 mmol/l (110 mg/dl). | ||||
| §Raised blood cholesterol defined as total cholesterol ⩾5.18 mmol/l (200 mg/dl). | ||||
| ¶Meat consumption is defined as intake of beef and mutton or not. | ||||
| **Parental consanguinity is defined as first cousin marriage between parents of subjects. | ||||
| ††2.8% and 2.3% of subjects did not know about paternal and maternal history of cardiovascular disease, respectively. | ||||
| ‡‡US $1 = 60 Pakistan rupees (Rs) | ||||
| §§Exercise was defined as jogging, swimming, bicycling, or exercising in the gymnasium most days of the week during the past six months. | ||||
| BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CVD, cardiovascular disease. | ||||
| Number of patients | 386 | 193 | 193 | |
| Male | 326 (84.5%) | 163 (84.5%) | 163 (84.5%) | 0.99 |
| Age (years) | 39.0 (4.9) | 39.3 (5.1) | 38.7 (4.7) | 0.29 |
| Weight (kg) | 69.3 (12.7) | 68.9 (12.5) | 69.8 (12.9) | 0.51 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.9 (4.7) | 24.9 (4.4) | 24.8 (5.0) | 0.97 |
| *Overweight | 178 (46.1%) | 97 (50.3%) | 81 (41.9%) | 0.10 |
| †Obese | 39 (10.1%) | 21 (10.9%) | 18 (19.3%) | 0.61 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.93 (0.1) | 0.97 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 120.1 (17.1) | 118.5 (18.1) | 122.6 (15.9) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 78.3 (17.2) | 78.1 (22.0) | 78.6 (10.5) | 0.77 |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/l) | 7.2 (4.2) | 8.1 (5.2) | 6.6 (3.2) | 0.001 |
| ‡Raised blood glucose | 122 (31.6%) | 75 (38.9%) | 47 (24.4%) | 0.001 |
| Serum cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.8 (1.9) | 5.1 (1.3) | 4.5 (1.0) | <0.001 |
| §Raised blood cholesterol | 112 (30.2%) | 75 (38.9%) | 37 (19.2%) | 0.001 |
| Illicit drug use | 14 (3.7%) | 8 (4.2%) | 6 (3.2%) | 0.60 |
| Ghee in cooking | 146 (37.8%) | 105 (54.4%) | 41 (21.2%) | 0.001 |
| ¶Beef or mutton eaters | 320 (82.9%) | 165 (85.5%) | 155 (80.3%) | 0.18 |
| **Parental consanguinity | 102 (26.4%) | 66 (34.2%) | 36 (18.6%) | 0.001 |
| ††Paternal history of CVD | 80 (21.2%) | 48 (24.9%) | 32 (16.6%) | 0.05 |
| ††Maternal history of CVD | 83 (22.1%) | 44 (22.8%) | 39 (20.2%) | 0.47 |
| History of hypertension | 61 (15.8%) | 27 (14.0%) | 34 (17.7%) | 0.21 |
| History of diabetes | 37 (9.6%) | 13 (6.7%) | 24 (12. %5) | 0.06 |
| ‡‡Monthly income ⩽Rs 5000 | 239 (61.9%) | 142 (73.6%) | 97 (50.3%) | 0.001 |
| Level of education | 0.001 | |||
| None | 71 (18.4%) | 61 (31.6%) | 10 (5.1%) | |
| School | 198 (51.3%) | 96 (49.8%) | 104 (52.9%) | |
| College | 117 (30.3%) | 36 (18.7%) | 84 (42.4%) | |
| §§Exercise | 67 (17.4%) | 41 (21.2%) | 26 (13.5%) | 0.05 |
| Married (%) | 341 (88.5) | 170 (88.1) | 171 (89.1) | 0.85 |