Clinical, haemodynamic and hormonal characteristics of the three group patients
| Group 1 (n = 88) | Group 2 (n = 9) | Group 3 (n = 9) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Data are mean (SD). | ||||
| *p < 0.05, **p = 0.09 group 3 versus group 2 by analysis of variance. | ||||
| A, late diastolic wave velocity; E, early diastolic wave velocity; LV, left ventricular; NS, not significant; NYHA, New York Heart Association functional class; V̇e−V̇co2, minute ventilation-carbon dioxide production; V̇o2, oxygen uptake. | ||||
| Age (years) | 61 (9) | 65 (4) | 66 (6) | NS |
| NYHA III-IV | 32% | 66% | 44% | NS |
| Noradrenaline (pg/ml) | 392 (263) | 534 (402) | 510 (258) | NS |
| Adrenaline (pg/ml) | 53 (36) | 50 (28) | 44 (18) | NS |
| Aldosterone (nmol/l) | 0.25 (0.1) | 0.29 (0.1) | 0.24 (0.1) | NS |
| K (mmol/l) | 4.3 (0.4) | 4.2 (0.3) | 4.4 (0.3) | NS |
| Na (mmol/l) | 139 (3) | 138 (2) | 138 (3) | NS |
| Creatinine (μmol/l) | 101 (27) | 86 (35) | 99 (15) | NS |
| Peak V̇o2 (ml/kg/min) | 18 (5) | 13 (5) | 14 (3) | 0.01 |
| V̇e−V̇co2 slope | 36 (6) | 43 (7) | 45 (11) | 0.0002 |
| Duration of exercise (min) | 10 (2.0) | 8.3 (2.5) | 8.5 (2.2) | 0.02 |
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | NS |
| LV mass (g) | 224 (49) | 253 (16) | 212 (63) | NS |
| Mass to volume ratio | 0.94 (0.3) | 0.84 (0.1) | 0.68 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| Stroke volume (ml) | 82 (17) | 67 (17) | 58 (14)* | 0.02 |
| LV end diastolic volume (ml) | 253 (59) | 329 (93) | 325 (112) | 0.01 |
| LV end systolic volume (ml) | 163 (53) | 239 (91) | 247 (98) | 0.002 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 36 (6) | 29 (8) | 25 (6)** | 0.0001 |
| Mitral regurgitant volume (ml) | 12 (15) | 23 (17) | 19 (19) | NS |
| Left atrial maximum volume (ml) | 101 (39) | 117 (47) | 123 (25) | NS |
| Left atrial minimum volume (ml) | 53 (25) | 77 (38) | 94 (26) | 0.0006 |
| Left atrial ejection fraction (%) | 0.47 (0.1) | 0.43 (0.2) | 0.26 (0.1)* | <0.0001 |
| E (m/s) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.0007 |
| E:A | 0.9 (0.3) | 1.6 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.9)* | <0.0001 |
| E wave deceleration time (ms) | 233 (73) | 136 (19) | 119 (5) | 0.0001 |