B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement: confounders
| Increase BNP | Decrease BNP |
|---|---|
| ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme. | |
| Increasing age | Obesity |
| Female sex | Cardioactive drugs: |
| Pulmonary disease | ACE inhibitors |
| Systemic hypertension | Spironolactone |
| Hyperthyroidism | β Blockers (long term) |
| Cushing syndrome | Diuretics |
| Glucocorticoids use | |
| Conn’s syndrome | |
| Hepatic cirrhosis with ascites | |
| Renal failure | |
| Paraneoplastic syndrome | |
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | |