• Fetus |
‐ ventricular disproportion |
‐ great vessel disproportion |
‐ associated with other congenital heart disease |
‐ nuchal thickening/chromosomal abnormality (Turner’s syndrome) |
• Neonate |
‐ collapse, acidosis |
‐ heart failure |
‐ systolic/continuous murmur conducted to back |
‐ weak or absent femoral pulses |
‐ upper limb hypertension |
• Infant |
‐ heart failure |
‐ systolic/continuous murmur conducted to back |
‐ weak or absent femoral pulses |
‐ upper limb hypertension |
‐ cardiomyopathy rarely |
• Child, adolescent, and adult |
‐ systolic/continuous murmur conducted to back (collateral murmurs over scapula rarely) |
‐ weak or absent femoral pulses (radio-femoral delay in older patients) |
‐ upper limb hypertension |
‐ exercise intolerance |
‐ leg fatigue and claudication |
‐ cold feet |
‐ cardiac arrest (left ventricular hypertrophy and arrhythmia) |
‐ hypertensive retinopathy |
‐ intracranial bleed |
‐ aortic dissection/rupture |
‐ infective endocarditis |