Traditional pointers to possible ARAS
| • Recent significant worsening of longstanding hypertension, especially if associated with any rise in serum creatinine |
| • Rapid worsening of renal function (that is, over weeks). Gradual loss of renal function (over months and years) is more likely caused by atherosclerotic or hypertensive nephropathy |
| • Sudden onset anuric renal failure, when ARAS to a single functioning kidney progresses to acute occlusion |
| • Acute pulmonary oedema—especially in association with good left ventricular function |