Stroke/transient ischaemic attack | 1% | • Warfarin substituted for clexane during perioperative period |
• Preoperative transoesophageal echocardiography |
• Heparin infusion to maintain activated clotting time >300 s throughout case |
• Heparin–saline irrigated ablation catheters |
• Transseptal sheaths in right side of heart when possible |
• Fastidious technique when removing/exchanging catheters |
Tamponade | 1.2% | • Competency in transseptal puncture |
• Intracardiac echo to monitor microbubbles and venting (indicating potential cavitation of lesion) |
• Competency in emergency pericardial aspiration |
• Rapid access to cardiothoracic surgical assistance |
>50% pulmonary vein stenosis | 1.3% | • Ablation on atrial aspect of LA-PV junction or outside vein |
• Low power (20–30 W) radiofrequency ablation near PV |
• Cryoablation causes less PV stenosis but longer procedure |
• Symptoms non-specific—therefore need low suspicion to investigate |
Atrio-oesophageal fistula | Few cases worldwide | • Where possible avoid lesions in posterior LA |
• Reduced power (20–30 W) if ablating at posterior LA |
• Fluoroscopic location of oesophagus using probe |