| Variables | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p Value |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Age* (years) | 2.83 (1.92 to 4.20) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 1.68 (0.88 to 3.23) | 0.12 |
| Systolic blood pressure* (mm Hg) | 1.02 (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.82 |
| Diastolic blood pressure* (mm Hg) | 1.17 (0.90 to 1.53) | 0.24 |
| Body mass index* (kg/m2) | 0.75 (0.44 to 1.29) | 0.31 |
| Symptoms and signs of HF | ||
| Shortness of breath | 1.32 (0.55 to 3.15) | 0.53 |
| Fatigue | 1.61 (0.85 to 3.06) | 0.14 |
| Swelling of legs | 2.91 (1.51 to 5.63) | 0.001 |
| Clinical signs of HF | 2.44 (1.21 to 4.93) | 0.01 |
| Past medical history | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1.08 (0.51 to 2.29) | 0.83 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.95 (0.37 to 2.43) | 0.91 |
| Hypertension | 1.12 (0.59 to 2.14) | 0.73 |
| Abnormal ECG | 2.85 (1.31 to 6.22) | 0.008 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||
| LVEF* (%) | 0.70 (0.57 to 0.86) | 0.001 |
| LAVI* (ml/m2) | 1.50 (1.32 to 1.71) | <0.001 |
| Deceleration time† (ms) | 0.71 (0.33 to 1.53) | 0.38 |
| E/A‡ | 0.62 (0.22 to 1.76) | 0.37 |
| Septal wall thickness§ (cm) | 2.35 (1.26 to 4.40) | 0.007 |
| Posterior wall thickness§ (cm) | 3.40 (0.88 to 13.2) | 0.08 |
| LV dimension in diastole§ (cm) | 1.63 (1.21 to 2.20) | 0.001 |
| LV dimension in systole§ (cm) | 1.59 (1.29 to 1.96) | <0.001 |
| Other significant echocardiographic abnormalities | 3.74 (1.64 to 8.50) | 0.002 |
*Hazard ratios given for a 10-unit increase in explanatory variable; †hazard ratios given for a 100-unit increase in explanatory variable; ‡variable analysed on the log scale; §hazard ratios given for a 1-unit increase in explanatory variable.
HF, heart failure; LAVI, left atrial volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction.