Resting and exercise haemodynamics
| Rest (n=20) | Exercise (n=20) | Exercise change | p Value | |
| Integrated responses | ||||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 66 (60–72) | 92 (78–105) | +39% | <0.0001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 144 (132–154) | 200 (159–206) | +39% | <0.0001 |
| Arterial elastance (mm Hg/ml) | 1.62 (1.40–1.92) | 2.26 (1.85–2.75) | +40% | 0.0009 |
| Cardiac index (l/min/m2) | 2.62 (2.34–3.35) | 3.50 (3.00–4.50) | +34% | 0.0001 |
| LV systolic function | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 66 (62–71) | 71 (67–72) | +8% | 0.04 |
| Stroke volume index (ml/m2) | 40 (34–47) | 40 (35–48) | – | 0.6 |
| LV ESVI (ml/m2) | 18 (15–20) | 15 (12–19) | −17% | 0.008 |
| LV diastolic function | ||||
| LV EDVI (ml/m2) | 53 (46–57) | 50 (44–57) | – | 0.08 |
| LVmin pressure (mm Hg) | 9 (6–11) | 14 (10–18) | +56% | <0.0001 |
| Mean LVDP (mm Hg) | 14 (10–16) | 20 (16–27) | +43% | <0.0001 |
| LVEDP (mm Hg) | 19 (16–23) | 30 (26–39) | +58% | <0.0001 |
| τME (ms) | 48 (45–54) | 44 (35–51) | −8% | 0.09 |
| τNZ (ms) | 59 (54–86) | 45 (36–64) | −24% | 0.06 |
| τL (ms) | 27 (23–34) | 19 (16–26) | −30% | 0.06 |
| % Diastole to complete relax | 32 (26–37) | 50 (40–61) | +56% | <0.0001 |
| Ed (mm Hg/ml/m2) | 0.47 (0.37–0.67) | 0.69 (0.46–0.90) | +47% | 0.002 |
| EdC (mm Hg/ml/m2) | 0.54 (0.45–0.66) | 0.82 (0.68–1.05) | +52% | 0.0003 |
| Transmitral flow | ||||
| E wave (cm/s) | 81 (72–94) | 109 (88–114) | +35% | 0.002 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 196 (175–231) | 129 (117–147) | −34% | 0.003 |
| IVRT (ms) | 67 (50–98) | 46 (39–61) | −31% | 0.003 |
| E/A ratio | 1.28 (0.81–2.08) | 1.31 (0.93–1.81) | – | 0.6 |
Data shown are median (IQR).
E/A, ratio of early to late transmitral filling velocity; Ed, LV diastolic elastance; EdC, relaxation-corrected LV diastolic elastance; EDVI, end-diastolic volume index; ESVI, end-systolic volume index; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; LV, left ventricle; LVDP, LV diastolic pressure; LVmin, minimal diastolic LV pressure; τME, τNZ, τHL, monoexponential, non-zero asymptote and hybrid logistic time constants of LV isovolumic relaxation.