Comparison of cardiac structure and function according to level of depression: multivariate analysis
| Variables | Mean (95% CI) | ||
| No depression 0≤ BDI-I <10 (n=1732) | Mild depression 10≤ BDI-I <20 (n=547) | Moderate to severe depression BDI-I≥20 (n=141) | |
| LA volume index (mL/BSA) | |||
| Model 1§ | 26.0 (25.7–26.3) | 25.9 (25.3–26.4) | 25.5 (24.4–26.5) |
| Model 2¶ | 26.0 (25.7–26.2) | 25.9 (25.4–26.4) | 25.7 (24.7–26.8) |
| LV mass index (g/BSA) | |||
| Model 1§ | 88.3 (87.6–89.0) | 89.5 (88.2–90.8) | 90.8 (88.3–93.3) |
| Model 2¶ | 88.3 (87.6–88.9) | 89.4 (88.2–90.6) | 91.3 (88.9–93.7)* |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | |||
| Model 1§ | 63.7 (63.5–63.9) | 63.5 (63.1–63.9) | 64.1 (63.3–64.8) |
| Model 2¶ | 63.7 (63.5–63.9) | 63.5 (63.1–63.9) | 64.0 (63.2–64.8) |
| E wave velocity (m/s) | |||
| Model 1§ | 0.66 (0.66–0.67) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | 0.65 (0.63–0.67) |
| Model 2¶ | 0.66 (0.66–0.67) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | 0.65 (0.63–0.68) |
| A wave velocity (m/s) | |||
| Model 1§ | 0.65 (0.64–0.65) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) |
| Model 2¶ | 0.65 (0.64–0.66) | 0.65 (0.64–0.66) | 0.64 (0.61–0.66) |
| E/A ratio | |||
| Model 1§ | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.05 (1.03–1.08)* | 1.08 (1.04–1.12) |
| Model 2¶ | 1.08 (1.07–1.09) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) |
| TDI systolic velocity (Sa) (cm/s) | |||
| Model 1§ | 7.47 (7.43–7.52) | 7.46 (7.37–7.54) | 7.38 (7.21–7.55) |
| Model 2¶ | 7.48 (7.43–7.52) | 7.45 (7.37–7.54) | 7.35 (7.19–7.52) |
| TDI early diastolic velocity (Ea) (cm/s) | |||
| Model 1§ | 7.44 (7.37–7.50) | 7.28 (7.16–7.39)* | 7.12 (6.89–7.35)† |
| Model 2¶ | 7.43 (7.37–7.49) | 7.30 (7.19–7.41)* | 7.12 (6.87–7.34)† ‡ |
| E/Ea ratio | |||
| Model 1§ | 9.23 (9.14–9.33) | 9.33 (9.16–9.50) | 9.64 (9.30–9.97)* ‡ |
| Model 2¶ | 9.24 (9.15–9.33) | 9.32 (9.14–9.47) | 9.65 (9.33–9.97)* ‡ |
*p<0.05 vs no depression, †p<0.01 vs no depression, ‡p<0.05 vs mild depression.
↵§ Model 1 adjusted for age, sex and body mass index.
↵¶ Model 2: adjusted for model 1 plus heart rate, mean arterial pressure, fasting blood glucose, hsCRP, antihypertensive medication and antidiabetic medication.
BDI-I, Beck depression inventory I; BSA, body surface area; CI, CI; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.