Characteristics of participants in the analytical sample (n=3895)
| All | Frailty status at follow-up | p Value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not frail | Pre-frail | Frail | |||
| Number | 3895 | 2342 | 1445 | 108 | |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 55.2 (5.9) | 54.9 (5.7) | 55.5 (6.1) | 57.9 (6.5) | <0.0001 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 2858 (73.4) | 1821 (77.8) | 982 (68.0) | 55 (50.9) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 1037 (26.6) | 521 (22.4) | 463 (32.0) | 53 (49.1) | |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 5.92 (1.05) | 5.91 (1.02) | 5.94 (1.09) | 5.99 (1.03) | 0.22 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l, mean (SD) | 1.46 (0.39) | 1.47 (0.39) | 1.45 (0.38) | 1.47 (0.39) | 0.21 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 122.7 (16.0) | 122.3 (15.7) | 123.3 (16.3) | 124.5 (16.1) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 77.6 (10.3) | 77.5 (10.2) | 77.8 (10.5) | 78.4 (11.6) | 0.28 |
| Antihypertensive treatment, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3515 (90.2) | 2137 (91.3) | 1293 (89.5) | 85 (78.7) | <0.0001 |
| Yes | 380 (9.8) | 205 (8.7) | 152 (10.5) | 23 (21.3) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3593 (92.3) | 2185 (93.3) | 1313 (90.9) | 95 (88.0) | 0.006 |
| Yes | 302 (7.8) | 157 (6.7) | 132 (9.1) | 13 (12.0) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3755 (96.4) | 2273 (97.1) | 1381 (95.6) | 101 (93.5) | 0.02 |
| Yes | 140 (3.6) | 69 (3.0) | 64 (4.4) | 7 (6.5) | |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3882 (99.7) | 2335 (99.7) | 1439 (99.6) | 108 (100.0) | - |
| Yes | 13 (0.3) | 7 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 0 | |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3667 (94.2) | 2214 (94.5) | 1356 (93.8) | 97 (89.8) | 0.10 |
| Yes | 228 (5.8) | 128 (5.5) | 89 (6.2) | 11 (10.2) | |
| Incident CVD at follow-up, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3552 (91.2) | 2143 (91.5) | 1319 (91.3) | 90 (83.3) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 343 (8.8) | 199 (8.5) | 126 (8.7) | 18 (16.7) | |
| Incident CHD at follow-up, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3582 (92.0) | 2165 (92.4) | 1324 (91.6) | 93 (86.1) | 0.05 |
| Yes | 313 (8.0) | 177 (7.6) | 121 (8.4) | 15 (13.9) | |
| Incident stroke at follow-up, n (%) | |||||
| No | 3856 (99.0) | 2316 (98.9) | 1436 (99.4) | 104 (96.3) | 0.01 |
| Yes | 39 (1.1) | 26 (1.1) | 9 (0.6) | 4 (3.7) | |
*p for heterogeneity.
CVD, cardiovascular disease; CHD, coronary heart disease.