Associations of maternal 25(OH)D in pregnancy with offspring cardiovascular risk factors measured at mean age 9.9 and 15.4 years (N=4109; data for individuals with missing values for co-variables were imputed)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference per 50 nmol/L increase of 25(OH)D | 95% CI | p Value | Mean difference per 50 nmol/L increase of 25(OH)D | 95% CI | p Value | Mean difference per 50 nmol/L increase of 25(OH)D | 95% CI | p Value | |
| 9.9 year risk factors | |||||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | −0.48 | (−0.92 to −0.05) | 0.03 | −0.47 | (−0.90 to −0.03) | 0.04 | −0.44 | (−0.87 to −0.01) | 0.05 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | −0.29 | (−0.63 to 0.04) | 0.08 | −0.27 | (−0.61 to 0.06) | 0.11 | −0.27 | (−0.60 to 0.06) | 0.11 |
| Triglycerides (% difference*) | −0.1 | (−2.6 to 2.5) | 0.96 | −0.3 | (−2.9 to 2.3) | 0.82 | −0.1 | (−2.6 to 2.5) | 0.95 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.29 | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.01) | 0.24 | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.29 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.02 | (−0.003 to 0.03) | 0.10 | 0.01 | (−0.005 to 0.03) | 0.14 | 0.02 | (−0.003 to 0.03) | 0.10 |
| Apo-A1 (mg/dL) | 0.00 | (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.58 | 0.00 | (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.88 | 0.00 | (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.56 |
| Apo-B (mg/dL) | −0.01 | (−0.02 to −0.001) | 0.03 | −0.01 | (−0.02 to −0.001) | 0.03 | −0.01 | (−0.02 to −0.001) | 0.03 |
| CRP (% difference*) | −6.1 | (−11.5 to −0.3) | 0.04 | −5.5 | (−11.1 to 0.5) | 0.07 | −6.0 | (−11.4 to −0.2) | 0.04 |
| IL6 (% difference*) | −4.6 | (−9.3 to 0.3) | 0.07 | −3.9 | (−8.7 to 1.2) | 0.13 | −4.6 | (−9.4 to 0.3) | 0.07 |
| 15.4 year risk factors | |||||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | 0.15 | (−0.51 to 0.82) | 0.65 | 0.13 | (−0.53 to 0.80) | 0.69 | 0.22 | (−0.44 to 0.87) | 0.52 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 0.01 | (−0.60 to 0.63) | 0.96 | 0.00 | (−0.61 to 0.61) | 1.00 | 0.02 | (−0.59 to 0.63) | 0.96 |
| Triglycerides (% difference*) | −1.3 | (−3.6 to 1.1) | 0.30 | −1.1 | (−3.3 to 1.3) | 0.38 | −1.2 | (−3.5 to 1.2) | 0.31 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.34 | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.29 | −0.02 | (−0.06 to 0.02) | 0.35 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.01 | (−0.004 to 0.03) | 0.15 | 0.01 | (−0.01 to 0.03) | 0.20 | 0.01 | (−0.005 to 0.03) | 0.16 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.01 | (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.72 | 0.00 | (−0.03 to 0.03) | 0.90 | 0.00 | (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.74 |
| Insulin (% difference*) | −0.1 | (−3.6 to 3.6) | 0.96 | 0.5 | (−3.0 to 4.1) | 0.78 | −0.1 | (−3.6 to 3.5) | 0.96 |
| CRP (% difference*) | −5.6 | (−11.5 to 0.7) | 0.08 | −5.6 | (−11.5 to 0.7) | 0.08 | −5.3 | (−11.2 to 0.9) | 0.09 |
Model 1: adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education level, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking and physical activity during pregnancy, parity, socioeconomic position, ethnicity, and offspring gestational age at maternal 25(OH)D sampling, gender, age and BMI at year 9.9 or 15.4 assessment.
Model 2: as model 1 plus offspring 25(OH)D in childhood.
Model 3: as model 1 plus gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes or glycosuria in pregnancy, and birth weight.
*Outcomes were log transformed: results represent relative percent differences in outcomes per 50 nmol/L increase of 25(OH)D.
25(OH)D, Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D; Apo-A1, Apolipoprotein-A1; Apo-B, Apolipoprotein-B; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL6, interleukin 6; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure.