Cox regression univariate and multivariate analysis for predictors of all-cause mortality
| Variable | Univariate | Multivariate | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | ||
| Age (years) | 1.03 | (1.02 to 1.05*) | 0.99 | (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.159 |
| Male gender | 1.17 | (0.72 to 1.90) | 1.44 | (0.84 to 2.47) | 0.189 |
| Residing in Dar es Salaam | 1.23 | (0.76 to 2.01) | |||
| No formal education | 1.91 | (1.13 to 3.22*) | 2.34 | (1.29 to 4.24) | 0.005 |
| Unemployed | 1.38 | (0.85 to 2.25) | |||
| Inpatient | 9.04 | (5.23 to 15.62*) | 3.23 | (1.54 to 6.75) | 0.002 |
| Duration of heart failure | |||||
| ≥6 months | 1.17 | (0.17 to 1.99) | |||
| NYHA class | 0.535 | ||||
| II | 1 | 1 | |||
| III | 2.26 | (0.87 to 5.90) | 0.92 | (0.32 to 2.64) | |
| IV | 5.2 | (2.04 to 13.30*) | 0.66 | (0.21 to 2.08) | |
| Diabetes | 1.81 | (0.97 to 3.38*) | 1.02 | (0.50 to 2.11) | 0.949 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 10.9 | (6.56 to 18.00*) | 3.37 | (1.62 to 7.02) | 0.001 |
| Previous CV admission | 2.38 | (1.40 to 4.06*) | 0.61 | (0.31 to 1.20) | 0.154 |
| Stroke | 1.12 | (0.35 to 3.57) | |||
| Asthma/COPD | 1.55 | (0.48 to 4.90) | |||
| Tuberculosis | 1.07 | (0.26 to 4.38) | |||
| HIV | 1.69 | (0.41 to 6.92) | |||
| Heart failure cause | |||||
| Ischaemic heart failure | 1.30 | (0.60 to 3.25) | |||
| Hypertensive heart failure | 0.79 | (0.45 to 1.14) | |||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 1.47 | (0.72 to 2.99) | |||
| Other heart failure causesλ | 1 | ||||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 7.09 | (4.32 to 11.60*) | 2.11 | (1.06 to 4.19) | 0.033 |
| ACEI/ARB | 1.26 | (0.51 to 3.14) | |||
| β-Blockers | 1.00 | (0.62 to 1.64) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.663 | ||||
| <18.5 | 2.16 | (0.85 to 5.48) | 1.56 | (0.53 to 4.64) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 1 | 1 | |||
| ≥25 | 0.45 | (0.26 to 0.77*) | 0.93 | (0.50 to 1.73) | |
| Mean arterial BP (mm Hg) | 0.99 | (0.98 to 1.00*) | 0.99 | (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.087 |
| Anaemia | 7.11 | (4.29 to 11.79*) | 2.27 | (1.16 to 4.45) | 0.017 |
| Creatinine clearance (mL/min) | 0.99 | (0.98 to 1.00*) | 0.98 | (0.97 to 1.00) | 0.004 |
| Total serum cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0.93 | (0.77 to 1.14) | |||
| Serum Na (mmol/L) | |||||
| <135 | 1.59 | (0.22 to 1.39) | |||
| 135–145 | 1 | ||||
| >145 | 0.87 | (0.45 to 1.69) | |||
| Serum K+ (mmol/L) | 1.21 | (0.85 to 1.72) | |||
| <3.5 | 0.56 | (0.22 to 1.39) | |||
| 3.5–5.0 | 1 | ||||
| >5.0 | 1.43 | (0.68 to 3.01) | |||
| LVEF, <45% | 2.98 | (1.52 to 5.84*) | 1.57 | (0.75 to 3.25) | 0.230 |
*= Variables with p<0.10 in univariate Cox regression analysis.
λ = Cardiomyopathies (eg, dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and postpartum) were merged to form a category of other heart failure causes, for the purpose of Cox regression analysis.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV, cardiovascular; NYHA, New York Heart Association.