Baseline characteristics (n=5232)
| Normal weight | Overweight | Obesity | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without CMD (n=1056) | With CMD (n=717) | p Value | Without CMD (n=1084) | With CMD (n=1524) | p Value | Without CMD (n=212) | With CMD (n=639) | p Value | |
| Proportion of BMI category (%) | 60 | 40 | 42 | 58 | 25 | 75 | |||
| Age (years)* | 59±11 | 61±10 | <0.01 | 59±11 | 60±10 | 0.02 | 58±11 | 58±10 | 0.40 |
| Females (%) | 233 (31) | 193 (27) | 0.12 | 226 (21) | 308 (20) | 0.73 | 76 (36) | 201 (32) | 0.27 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 23.1±1.3 | 23.3±1.3 | <0.01 | 27.0±1.3 | 27.3±1.4 | <0.01 | 32.6±2.8 | 33.1±2.8 | 0.03 |
| Metabolic dysfunction criteria | |||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 137±22 | 141±21 | <0.01 | 138±20 | 142±21 | <0.01 | 140±19 | 142±20 | 0.20 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)* | 80±12 | 81±12 | 0.06 | 82±11 | 82±11 | 0.40 | 83±11 | 84±12 | 0.42 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L)† | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3) | <0.01 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | <0.01 | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.8 (1.4–2.5) | <0.01 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)* | 1.5±0.4 | 1.1±0.3 | <0.01 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.1±0.3 | <0.01 | 1.4±0.3 | 1.1±0.3 | <0.01 |
| Fasting glucose* | 5.4±0.6 | 5.9±0.7 | <0.01 | 5.5±0.6 | 6.0±0.7 | <0.01 | 5.7±0.7 | 6.2±0.9 | <0.01 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L)† | 1.0 (0.5–1.9) | 3.3 (1.6–5.7) | <0.01 | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) | 3.0 (1.8–5.1) | <0.01 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 3.4 (1.8–6.2) | <0.01 |
| Other risk factors | |||||||||
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)* | 2.9±1.0 | 3.2±1.1 | <0.01 | 2.8±1.0 | 3.1±1.0 | <0.01 | 2.6±0.9 | 3.0±1.0 | <0.01 |
| Current smoking, n(%) | 321 (30) | 346 (48) | <0.01 | 271 (25) | 521 (34) | <0.01 | 55 (26) | 230 (36) | <0.01 |
| Current alcohol consumption, n(%) | 614 (58) | 301 (42) | <0.01 | 704 (65) | 721 (47) | <0.01 | 127 (60) | 314 (49) | <0.01 |
| Physical activity (hours*MET*week−1)† | 40 (19–67) | 26 (9–53) | <0.01 | 39 (21–66) | 30 (11–59) | <0.01 | 43 (21–74) | 26 (10–55) | <0.01 |
| Years since first vascular event (years)† | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–4) | 0.05 | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–4) | <0.01 | 0 (0–2) | 0 (0–4) | 0.11 |
| Adiposity measures | |||||||||
| Waist circumference (cm)* | 86±9 | 88±8 | <0.01 | 95±8 | 98±7 | <0.01 | 106±10 | 109±10 | <0.01 |
| Hip circumference (cm)* | 98±5 | 99±5 | 0.34 | 104±5 | 105±5 | <0.01 | 114±7 | 114±8 | 0.72 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm)*‡ | 2.1±1.0 | 2.1±0.9 | 0.10 | 2.5±1.1 | 2.4±1.3 | 0.23 | 3.2±1.4 | 3.2±1.5 | 0.72 |
| Visceral fat (cm)*‡ | 7.2±1.8 | 8.0±1.8 | <0.01 | 8.7±2.0 | 9.7±2.0 | <0.01 | 10.2±2.6 | 11.3±2.4 | <0.01 |
| Medications | |||||||||
| Lipid-lowering agents, n(%) | 654 (62) | 401 (56) | 0.01 | 752 (69) | 984 (65) | 0.01 | 173 (82) | 434 (68) | <0.01 |
| Blood pressure-lowering agents, n(%) | 606 (57) | 528 (74) | <0.01 | 755 (70) | 1179 (77) | <0.01 | 163 (77) | 529 (83) | 0.07 |
| Antiplatelet agents, n(%) | 771 (73) | 521 (73) | 0.91 | 864 (80) | 1153 (76) | 0.02 | 179 (84) | 475 (75) | <0.01 |
*Mean±SD.
†Median with IQR
‡Pearson's r for BMI and subcutaneous fat was 0.32, and for BMI and visceral fat 0.56.
BMI, body mass index; CMD, cardiometabolic dysfunction; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.