Characteristics of the subjects (initially without metabolic syndrome) after 4-year follow-up according to resting heart rate (RHR)
| RHR stratification, bpm | 45–54 | 55–64 | 65–74 | 75–84 | 85–94 | 95–104 | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of subjects (2010) | 787 | 7868 | 16 133 | 12 913 | 3147 | 1145 | |
| No. of subjects (2006) | 704 | 7051 | 19 076 | 12 763 | 3096 | 1035 | |
| Mean RHR (2010), bpm | 51.75±2.29 | 60.91±2.46 | 69.90±2.49 | 78.47±2.91 | 89.02±2.60 | 98.6397±2.69 | <0.0001 |
| Mean RHR (2006), bpm | 51.73±2.15 | 60.86±2.46 | 69.79±2.27 | 78.47±2.85 | 88.93±2.58 | 98.97±2.73 | <0.0001 |
| Males (%) | 590 (83.81) | 5597 (79.38) | 14 635 (76.72) | 9959 (78.03) | 2467 (79.68) | 868 (83.86) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years | 52.36±12.38 | 49.78±12.01 | 48.18±11.73 | 47.06±11.65 | 46.44±12.07 | 47.48±13.10 | <0.0001 |
| Education | |||||||
| Illiteracy (%) | 9 (1.34) | 41 (0.61) | 107 (0.58) | 65 (0.52) | 14 (0.46) | 8 (0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Primary school (%) | 71 (10.55) | 475 (7.02) | 1094 (5.92) | 699 (5.58) | 169 (5.57) | 70 (6.94) | |
| Middle school (%) | 520 (77.27) | 5612 (82.97) | 15 827 (85.69) | 10 839 (86.50) | 2595 (85.50) | 863 (85.53) | |
| College/university (%) | 73 (10.85) | 636 (9.40) | 1443 (7.81) | 928 (7.41) | 257 (8.47) | 68 (6.74) | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Never (%) | 392 (57.23) | 4147 (60.87) | 11 501 (62.07) | 7582 (60.28) | 1795 (58.85) | 593 (58.42) | <0.0001 |
| Former (%) | 52 (7.59) | 362 (5.31) | 849 (4.58) | 515 (4.09) | 136 (4.46) | 57 (5.62) | |
| Current (%) | 241 (35.18) | 2304 (33.82) | 6180 (33.35) | 4481 (35.63) | 1119 (36.69) | 365 (35.96) | |
| Alcohol drinking | |||||||
| Never (%) | 359 (52.49) | 3785 (55.51) | 11 084 (59.80) | 7483 (59.48) | 1762 (57.81) | 604 (59.51) | <0.0001 |
| Former (%) | 25 (3.65) | 186 (2.73) | 514 (2.77) | 317 (2.52) | 79 (2.59) | 32 (3.15) | |
| Current (%) | 300 (43.86) | 2847 (41.76) | 6936 (37.42) | 4780 (38.00) | 1207 (39.60) | 379 (37.34) | |
| Physical activities | |||||||
| Inactive (%) | 42 (6.24) | 571 (8.47) | 1594 (8.66) | 1240 (9.91) | 316 (10.43) | 108 (10.71) | <0.0001 |
| Moderately active (%) | 494 (73.40) | 5177 (76.75) | 14 317 (77.76) | 9873 (78.93) | 2430 (80.17) | 786 (77.98) | |
| Very active (%) | 137 (20.36) | 997 (14.78) | 2501 (13.58) | 1395 (11.15) | 285 (9.40) | 114 (11.31) | |
| Hypertension (%) | 171 (24.29) | 1743 (24.72) | 5622 (29.47) | 4179 (32.74) | 1122 (36.24) | 450 (43.48) | <0.0001 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 140 (19.89) | 1520 (21.56) | 4461 (23.39) | 3214 (25.18) | 778 (25.13) | 275 (26.57) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 14 (1.99) | 196 (2.78) | 575 (3.01) | 502 (3.93) | 160 (5.17) | 74 (7.15) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.12±3.23 | 24.22±3.15 | 24.46±3.19 | 24.39±3.23 | 24.29±3.32 | 23.92±3.41 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 122.06±19.75 | 122.21±18.18 | 124.25±18.33 | 126.21±18.78 | 128.36±19.84 | 131.53±20.67 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 77.44±9.74 | 78.73±10.17 | 80.50±10.45 | 81.89±11.27 | 82.85±11.50 | 84.31±11.78 | <0.0001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.23±0.88 | 1.28±0.91 | 1.37±1.01 | 1.40±1.11 | 1.44±1.08 | 1.51±1.13 | <0.0001 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.61±0.38 | 1.59±0.38 | 1.59±0.39 | 1.56±0.37 | 1.59±0.38 | 1.64±0.40 | <0.0001 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.08±0.85 | 2.19±0.86 | 2.29±0.90 | 2.34±0.85 | 2.32±0.84 | 2.32±0.91 | <0.0001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.69±1.14 | 4.82±1.02 | 4.84±1.09 | 4.92±1.05 | 4.96±1.07 | 4.96±1.13 | <0.0001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 4.93±1.07 | 5.01±0.99 | 5.05±1.04 | 5.20±1.21 | 5.34±1.38 | 5.51±1.84 | <0.0001 |
| CRP, mg/L | 0.57 (0.20–1.70) | 0.62 (0.23–1.90) | 0.69 (0.24–1.94) | 0.62 (0.22–1.69) | 0.72 (0.28–1.94) | 0.81 (0.28–2.20) | <0.0001 |
| UA, mmol/L | 290.35±80.16 | 281.56±79.25 | 276.66±77.10 | 275.50±78.35 | 277.23±80.17 | 277.34±78.65 | <0.0001 |
| CR, µmol/L | 88.93±21.63 | 89.52±25.62 | 92.04±27.19 | 89.14±25.76 | 89.06±30.71 | 90.22±31.97 | <0.0001 |
| WC, cm | 84.71±9.23 | 84.63±9.62 | 84.44±9.28 | 84.30±9.31 | 84.14±9.95 | 83.33±9.56 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke (%) | 15 (2.13) | 123 (1.74) | 239 (1.25) | 182 (1.43) | 41 (1.32) | 16 (1.55) | 0.0344 |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 8 (1.14) | 65 (0.92) | 145 (0.76) | 124 (0.97) | 25 (0.81) | 11 (1.06) | 0.3469 |
| All-cause mortality (%) | 1 (0.14) | 16 (0.23) | 29 (0.15) | 15 (0.12) | 3 (0.10) | 2 (0.19) | 0.4969 |
| β-Blocker use (%) | 1 (0.14) | 11 (0.16) | 25 (0.13) | 9 (0.07) | 3 (0.10) | 3 (0.29) | 0.2804 |
See table 1 for CRP value explanation.
BMI, body mass index; CR, creatine; CRP, C reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; UA, uric acid; WC, waist circumference.