Vascular risk factors according to frailty in a population-based study of 1622 older British men aged 71–92 years
| Not frail | Pre-frail | Frail | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | |||
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 n (%) | 71 (16%) | 184 (21%) | 69 (24%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.56 (1.15 to 2.12) | 2.03 (1.38 to 2.99) |
| High waist circumference (>102 cm) n (%) | 139 (31%) | 360 (41%) | 136 (46%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.69 (1.32 to 2.15) | 2.30 (1.67 to 3.17) |
| Lipid profile | |||
| Low HDL (<1.04 mmol/L) n (%) | 45 (11%) | 123 (15%) | 57 (20%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.47 (1.02 to 2.12) | 2.28 (1.47 to 3.54) |
| High LDL (>4 mmol/L) n (%) | 48 (11%) | 65 (8%) | 16 (6%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.98) | 0.48 (0.26 to 0.89) |
| High triglycerides (≥2.3 mmol/L) n (%) | 30 (7%) | 72 (9%) | 28 (10%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.31 (0.84 to 2.05) | 1.70 (0.97 to 2.97) |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Hypertension n (%) | 288 (65%) | 652 (74%) | 235 (78%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.52 (1.18 to 1.95) | 1.79 (1.27 to 2.54) |
| Heart rate | |||
| High heart rate (top quintile ≥77 beats/min) n (%) | 67 (15%) | 171 (20%) | 78 (26%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.98 to 1.83) | 1.90 (1.30 to 2.78) |
| Impaired fasting glucose | |||
| Glucose >6.1 and <7.0 mmol/L n (%) | 58 (15%) | 98 (12%) | 32 (12%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.56 to 1.14) | 0.74 (0.46 to 1.20) |
| WCC | |||
| Total WCC (top quintile ≥8.12×109/L) | 54 (13%) | 181 (22%) | 78 (28%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.78 (1.28 to 2.48) | 2.39 (1.60 to 3.57) |
| Lung function | |||
| Low FEV1 (bottom quintile ≤1.91 L) n (%) | 53 (12%) | 155 (19%) | 95 (37%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.41 (1.00 to 1.99) | 3.05 (2.04 to 4.54) |
| Low haemoglobin | |||
| Haemoglobin (<13 g/dL) n (%) | 65 (15%) | 173 (20%) | 117 (39%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.33 (0.97 to 1.83) | 3.13 (2.18 to 4.50) |
| Renal function | |||
| eGFR (<60 mmL/min) n (%) | 53 (13%) | 192 (23%) | 101 (36%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.76 (1.26 to 2.46) | 2.80 (1.89 to 4.15) |
| Albumin | |||
| Low albumin (bottom quintile ≤42 g/L) n (%) | 38 (9%) | 148 (18%) | 71 (25%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.95 (1.33 to 2.86) | 2.74 (1.76 to 4.27) |
| Liver enzymes | |||
| Low ALT (bottom quintile ≤13I U/L) n (%) | 58 (14%) | 148 (18%) | 81 (29%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.83 to 1.62) | 1.87 (1.26 to 2.78) |
| High GGT (top quintile ≥40 IU/L) n (%) | 69 (17%) | 161 (19%) | 75 (27%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.92 to 1.72) | 2.04 (1.39 to 2.99) |
| Bone profile | |||
| High ALP (top quintile ≥88 IU/L) n (%) | 63 (15%) | 169 (20%) | 77 (27%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.32 (0.96 to 1.82) | 1.80 (1.22 to 2.66) |
| High phosphate (top quintile ≥1.21 mmol/L) n (%) | 72 (17%) | 173 (21%) | 75 (27%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.91 to 1.68) | 1.71 (1.17 to 2.50) |
| Sodium | |||
| Low sodium (<138 mmol/L) n (%) | 30 (7%) | 79 (9%) | 44 (16%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.80 to 1.94) | 2.01 (1.20 to 3.36) |
All ORs are age-adjusted.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WCC, white cell count.