Separate analyses of long-term (≥6 months) all-cause mortality in subgroup studies
| Studies | Patients | Random effects | Fixed effects | I2,% | Heterogeneity p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight (BMI ≥25 to <30) vs normal-weight | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 51 | 391 612 | 0.70 (0.66 to 0.74) | 0.71 (0.69 to 0.72) | 77.3 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted | 35 | 468 820 | 0.82 (0.78 to 0.86) | 0.84 (0.83 to 0.86) | 77.6 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status adjusted | 23 | 325 538 | 0.78 (0.74 to 0.83) | 0.80 (0.78 to 0.82) | 71.3 | <0.001 |
| Patients number ≥5000 | 29 | 519 370 | 0.79 (0.74 to 0.83) | 0.82 (0.81 to 0.84) | 85.6 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥3 years | 31 | 435 079 | 0.81 (0.77 to 0.86) | 0.83 (0.81 to 0.85) | 80.5 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥5 years | 15 | 147 558 | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94) | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.95) | 66.3 | <0.001 |
| Broader reference | 20 | 10 634 | 0.75 (0.70 to 0.79) | 0.75 (0.70 to 0.79) | 0 | 0.575 |
| Standard reference | 38 | 474 146 | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) | 0.82 (0.81 to 0.84) | 82.7 | <0.001 |
| Published after 2008 | 36 | 462 176 | 0.78 (0.74 to 0.82) | 0.81 (0.80 to 0.83) | 75.5 | <0.001 |
| Published before 2008 | 22 | 116 604 | 0.78 (0.70 to 0.87) | 0.84 (0.81 to 0.87) | 77.3 | <0.001 |
| PCI | 27 | 166 178 | 0.73 (0.67 to 0.80) | 0.79 (0.75 to 0.82) | 60.7 | <0.001 |
| CABG | 10 | 137 040 | 0.84 (0.74 to 0.96) | 0.86 (0.83 to 0.90) | 86.4 | 0.009 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30 or ≥30 to <35) vs normal-weight | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 51 | 391 612 | 0.67 (0.62 to 0.73) | 0.66 (0.64 to 0.68) | 86.1 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted | 37 | 443 114 | 0.85 (0.78 to 0.92) | 0.88 (0.85 to 0.90) | 84.5 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status adjusted | 24 | 325 881 | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.91) | 0.81 (0.78 to 0.84) | 83.3 | <0.001 |
| Patients number ≥5000 | 28 | 481 024 | 0.80 (0.73 to 0.88) | 0.84 (0.82 to 0.87) | 91.1 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥3 years | 31 | 435 079 | 0.87 (0.80 to 0.95) | 0.87 (0.85 to 0.89) | 87.7 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥5 years | 15 | 147 558 | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.08) | 1.06 (1.02 to 1.10) | 69.3 | <0.001 |
| Broader reference | 20 | 10 634 | 0.71 (0.62 to 0.80) | 0.73 (0.67 to 0.79) | 39.2 | 0.035 |
| Standard reference | 37 | 435 800 | 0.82 (0.75 to 0.90) | 0.85 (0.83 to 0.87) | 88.7 | <0.001 |
| Published after 2008 | 35 | 423 830 | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.89) | 0.84 (0.81 to 0.86) | 88.1 | <0.001 |
| Published before 2008 | 22 | 116 604 | 0.71 (0.59 to 0.85) | 0.84 (0.80 to 0.88) | 81.1 | <0.001 |
| PCI | 26 | 127 832 | 0.73 (0.64 to 0.84) | 0.72 (0.67 to 0.77) | 64.0 | <0.001 |
| CABG | 10 | 137 040 | 0.91 (0.77 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 84.9 | <0.001 |
| General obesity (BMI ≥30) | 35 | 239 966 | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.90) | 0.82 (0.80 to 0.84) | 78.1 | <0.001 |
| Grade I obesity (BMI ≥30 to <35) | 22 | 301 971 | 0.78 (0.70 to 0.86) | 0.83 (0.80 to 0.85) | 89.1 | <0.001 |
| Grade II/III Obese(BMI ≥35) vs normal-weight | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 19 | 208 160 | 0.79 (0.69 to 0.91) | 0.75 (0.72 to 0.79) | 82.1 | <0.001 |
| Adjusted | 14 | 271 175 | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.08) | 71.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status adjusted | 8 | 141 451 | 0.89 (0.77 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.82 to 0.95) | 57.1 | 0.017 |
| Patients number ≥5000 | 16 | 324 814 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.07) | 0.93 (0.89 to 0.98) | 85.6 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥3 years | 13 | 246 052 | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.16) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.00) | 82.7 | <0.001 |
| Follow-up ≥5 years | 5 | 64 490 | 1.25 (1.14 to 1.38) | 1.25 (1.14 to 1.38) | 0 | 0.603 |
| Broader reference | 2 | 1428 | 0.42 (0.10 to 1.79) | 0.64 (0.43 to 0.97) | 57.9 | 0.123 |
| Standard reference | 21 | 338 889 | 0.95 (0.83 to 1.08) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.98) | 81.5 | <0.001 |
| Published after 2008 | 16 | 273 518 | 0.93 (0.81 to 1.06) | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.98) | 79.0 | <0.001 |
| Published before 2008 | 7 | 66 799 | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.33) | 0.91 (0.83 to 1.00) | 85.2 | <0.001 |
| PCI | 7 | 78 723 | 0.86 (0.61 to 1.22) | 1.04 (0.90 to 1.19) | 75.3 | <0.001 |
| CABG | 7 | 69 213 | 1.07 (0.84 to 1.360 | 1.05 (0.96 to 1.15) | 77.3 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.