Endothelial injury markers, platelet microparticles, arterial stiffness and carotid IMT in the KD group and controls
| Healthy controls Median (range) | All patients with KD Median (range) | KD vs controls p Value (95% CI of diff) | KD CAA− Median (range) | CAA− vs controls p Value (95% CI of diff) | KD CAA+ Median (range) | CAA+ vs controls p Value (95% CI of diff) | p Value Kruskal–Wallis* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CECs (cells/mL) | 12 (0, 32) (n=49) | 24 (0, 224) (n=89) | p=0.00003 (4 to 16) | 20 (4, 128) (n=53) | p=0.0010 (4 to 12) | 30 (0, 224) (n=36) | p=0.00009 (8 to 44) | p<0.0001 |
| Microparticles (×103/mL) plasma | ||||||||
| Total annexin V | 990 (160, 6160) | 970 (1190, 5410) | p=0.83 (−250 to 220) | 850 (190, 5410) | p=0.42 (−360 to 160) | 990 (230, 4360) | p=0.54 (−200 to 400) | 0.37 |
| CD54 (ICAM-1) | 0.97 (0, 27.00) | 0.87 (0, 18.00) | p=0.82 (−0.40 to 0.34) | 0.85 (0, 18.00) | p=0.86 (−0.50 to 0.43) | 1.10 (0, 9.11) | p=0.83 (−0.62 to 0.46) | 0.97 |
| CD62E (E-sel) | 3.92 (0, 49.34) | 2.87 (0, 22.37) | p=0.40 (−1.89 to 0.53) | 3.13 (0, 22.37) | p=0.84 (1.75 to 0.96) | 1.87 (0, 16.98) | p=0.16 (−2.97 to 0.19) | 0.30 |
| CD105 | 0 (0, 206.50) | 1.60 (0, 186.80) | p=0.04 (0.03 to 1.95) | 1.50 (0, 94.64) | p=0.14 (−0.02 to 1.67) | 2.97 (0, 186.80) | p=0.02 (0.01 to 6.00) | 0.07 |
| CD62P (P-sel) | 0 (0, 12.90) | 0 (0, 15.17) | p=0.59 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0 (0, 15.17) | p=0.94 (−0.03 to 0.08) | 0 (0, 8.62) | p=0.24 (−0.03 to 0.24) | 0.41 |
| CD144 | 0.20 (0, 12.36) | 0.32 (0, 155.20) | p=0.42 (−0.02 to 0.29) | 0.90 (0, 21.74) | p=0.24 (−0.004 to 0.71) | 0 (0, 155.20) | p=1.0 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.43 |
| CD31 | 20.59 (0, 556.50) | 14.18 (0, 981.00) | p=0.98 (−8.37 to 6.74) | 13.62 (0, 981.00) | p=0.89 (−8.57 to 9.13) | 17.63 (0, 258.30) | p=0.83 (−13.7 to 6.48) | 0.93 |
| VCAM-1 (CD106) | 0 (0, 56.06) | 0 (0, 110.50) | p=0.70 (−0.03 to 0.003) | 0 (0, 5.76) | p=0.93 (−0.04 to 0.02) | 0 (0, 110.50) | p=0.54 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 0.79 |
| CD42a (platelet MP) | 24.93 (0, 930.70) (n=47) | 14.04 (0, 586.50) (n=87) | p=0.26 (−15.88 to 2.02) | 13.50 (0, 586.50) (n=52) | p=0.16 (−20.10 to 1.04) | 13.61 (0, 509.90) (n=35) | p=0.66 (−16.25 to 6.74) | 0.36 |
| Soluble adhesion molecules (ng/mL) | ||||||||
| sICAM-1 | 251 (186, 504) | 260 (131, 452) | p=0.58 (−16 to 30) | 250 (153, 416) | p=0.46 (−31 to 16) | 300 (131, 452) | p=0.04 (1 to 59) | 0.03 |
| sVCAM-1 | 408 (261, 1066) | 465 (253, 880) | p=0.007 (15 to 79) | 454 (253, 714) | p=0.08 (−4 to 66) | 484 (274, 880) | p=0.0022 (30 to 113) | 0.006 |
| sE-Sel | 13 (5, 62) | 16 (5, 59) | p=0.31 (−1 to 4) | 15 (5, 59) | p=0.49 (−2 to 4) | 17 (5, 42) | p=0.27 (−2 to 5) | 0.52 |
| sP-Sel | 70 (19, 262) (n=48) | 82 (22, 204) (n=89) | p=0.10 (−2 to 23) | 86 (23, 204) (n=53) | p=0.09 (−2 to 28) | 77 (22, 139) (n=37) | p=0.28 (−7 to 22) | 0.19 |
| Carotid-radial PWV (m/s) | 7.30 (4.70, 9.60) (n=51) | 7.40 (4.60, 11.20) (n=91) | p=0.40 (−0.30 to 0.50) | 7.50 (4.60, 11.20) (n=53) | p=0.25 (−0.20 to 0.70) | 7.40 (4.90, 11.20) (n=38) | p=0.86 (−0.50 to 0.50) | 0.46 |
| Carotid-femoral PWV (m/s) | 5.40 (4.00, 8.40) (n=51) | 5.40 (3.80, 9.00) (n=91) | p=0.69 (−0.40 to 0.30) | 5.70 (3.90, 9.00) (n=53) | p=0.58 (−0.30 to 0.60) | 5.10 (3.80, 7.00) (n=38) | p=0.13 (−0.80 to 0.10) | 0.15 |
| Right CCA IMT (mm) | 0.47 (0.40, 0.60) (n=42) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.58) (n=78) | p=0.77 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.58) (n=45) | p=0.59 (−0.02 to 0.01) | 0.47 (0.39, 0.57) (n=33) | p=0.92 (−0.2 to 0.2) | 0.75 |
| Left CCA IMT (mm) | 0.46 (0.41, 0.60) (n=40) | 0.46 (0.37, 0.58) (n=76) | p=0.97 (−0.01 to 0.01) | 0.47 (0.37, 0.53) (n=44) | p=0.99 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.46 (0.39, 0.58) (n=32) | p=0.95 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 1.00 |
All values are median (range) unless otherwise specified. Number (n) of subjects in each group as specified per test.
*p Values from Kruskal–Wallis test comparing three groups: controls, CAA− and CAA+ (CA status at initial disease presentation). 95% CI of diff: 95% CI of the difference of median. Statistically significant results are in bold.
CAA, coronary artery aneurysms; CCA, common carotid artery; CECs, circulating endothelial cells; E-Sel, E-selectin; ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; IMT, intima media thickness; KD, Kawasaki disease; P-Sel, P-selectin; PWV, pulse-wave velocity; s, soluble; VCAM, vascular cell adhesion molecule.