Baseline characteristics (means±SD, geometric means (95% CI) or n (%))
| European | South Asian | African Caribbean | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men | |||
| N | 1359 | 1076 | 307 |
| Age | 52.8±7.1 | 50.8±6.9 | 53.5±5.8 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 123±17 | 125±17 | 128±17 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 6.0 (5.9 to 6.0) | 5.8 (5.8 to 5.9) | 5.5 (5.4 to 5.6) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.2 to 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1 to 1.2) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.4) |
| Cholesterol: HDL ratio | 4.7 (4.7 to 4.8) | 5.0 (5.0 to 5.1) | 3.9 (3.8 to 4.1) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2±3.9 | 25.9±3.3 | 26.4±3.4 |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 368 (27%) | 811 (75%) | 170 (55%) |
| Ex | 537 (40%) | 101 (9%) | 58 (19%) |
| <10/day current | 81 (6%) | 53 (5%) | 26 (8%) |
| 10–19/day current | 87 (6%) | 65 (6%) | 27 (9%) |
| 20+/day current | 3286 (21%) | 46 (4%) | 26 (8%) |
| Diabetes | 81 (6%) | 209 (19%) | 53 (17%) |
| Treated hypertension | 99 (7%) | 136 (13%) | 57 (19%) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2/210 (1%) | – | 1/170 (0.6%) |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Chronic kidney disease | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Proteinuria (AER* ≥300 mg/day) | 0/813 | 1/599 (0.02%) | 0/205 |
| Microalbuminuria (AER* ≥30 and <300 mg/day) | 27/813 (3.3%) | 15/599 (2.5%) | 10/205 (4.9%) |
| LSOA based Townsend score (Deprivation index (quintiles for England and Wales)) | |||
| 1 (most affluent) | 65 (5%) | 2 (0.2%) | 0 |
| 2 | 44 (3%) | 2 (0.2%) | 2 (0.7%) |
| 3 | 105 (8%) | 24 (2%) | 4 (1%) |
| 4 | 620 (46%) | 289 (27%) | 75 (24%) |
| 5 (least affluent) | 525 (39%) | 759 (71%) | 226 (74%) |
| Townsend score | 2.5 (2.3 to 2.6) | 3.5 (3.4 to 3.7) | 4.3 (4.0 to 4.6) |
| Family history of CHD | N=688 | N=554 | N=152 |
| Parents diagnosed <60 years | 66 (9.6%) | 33 (6.0%) | 3 (2.0%) |
| Women | |||
| N | 444 | 241 | 247 |
| Age | 53.0±6.8 | 50.3±6.5 | 52.6±6.0 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119±16 | 124±20 | 131±17 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 6.0 (5.9 to 6.2) | 5.7 (5.6 to 5.8) | 5.5 (5.4 to 5.7) |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.6 to 1.7) | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.4) | 1.6 (1.6 to 1.7) |
| Cholesterol: HDL ratio | 3.7 (3.6 to 3.8) | 4.2 (4.0 to 4.3) | 3.4 (3.3 to 3.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0±4.7 | 27.5±4.6 | 29.3±4.8 |
| Smoking | |||
| Never | 212 (48%) | 236 (98%) | 206 (83%) |
| Ex | 100 (23%) | 1 | 19 (8%) |
| <10/day current | 23 (5%) | 3 (1%) | 7 (3%) |
| 10–19/day current | 51 (11%) | 0 | 10 (4%) |
| 20+/day current | 58 (13%) | 1 | 5 (2%) |
| Diabetes | 17 (4%) | 38 (16%) | 53 (21%) |
| Treated hypertension | 46 (10%) | 30 (12%) | 69 (28%) |
| LSOA based Townsend score (Deprivation index (quintiles for England and Wales)) | |||
| 1–2 (most affluent) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 3 | 28 (6%) | 1 | 3 (1%) |
| 4 | 219 (49%) | 101 (42%) | 66 (26%) |
| 5 (least affluent) | 203 (45%) | 143 (58%) | 187 (73%) |
| Townsend score | 3.3 (3.0 to 3.5) | 3.3 (3.1 to 3.5) | 4.9 (4.5 to 5.3) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0/249 | – | 0/238 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Chronic kidney disease | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Proteinuria (AER* ≥300 mg/day) | 0/350 | 1/169 (0.06%) | 0/189 |
| Microalbuminuria (AER* ≥30 and <300 mg/day) | 4/350 (1.1%) | 4/169 (2.4%) | 9/189 (4.8%) |
| Family history of CHD | N=214 | N=118 | N=128 |
| Parents diagnosed <60 years | 24 (11.2%) | 14 (11.9%) | 6 (4.7%) |
*AER=albumin excretion rate from timed overnight urine collections, not available in all participants.
BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LSOA, lower layer super output area; SBP, systolic blood pressure.