Baseline characteristics study population
| Total cohort (n=1301) | Bayes–Genis et al (n=69) | Bettencourt et al (n=156) | Eurlings et al (n=447) | Kok et al (n=312) | Metra et al (n=112) | Pimenta et al (n=136) | Verdiani et al (n=69) | Validation cohort (n=325) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | |||||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 74 (64–80) | 76 (69–79) | 75 (67–82) | 75 (67–81) | 70 (58–79) | 68 (57–68) | 74 (66–82) | 78 (75–83) | 70 (63–76) |
| Age ≥75 years, n (%) | 607 (47) | 38 (55) | 78 (50) | 222 (50) | 122 (39) | 28 (25) | 67 (49) | 52 (75) | 93 (29) |
| Male, n (%) | 775 (60) | 41 (59) | 73 (47) | 265 (59) | 175 (56) | 101 (90) | 68 (50) | 52 (75) | 309 (95) |
| History of DM, n (%) | 422 (33) | 31 (45) | 81 (52) | 129 (29) | 83 (27) | 37 (33) | 45 (35) | 16 (23) | 127 (39) |
| History of COPD, n (%) | 209 (18) | 33 (48) | 7 (5) | 75 (17) | 47 (15) | NA | 18 (14) | 29 (42) | 81 (25) |
| History of hypertension, n (%) | 661 (51) | 48 (70) | 78 (50) | 225 (50) | 145 (47) | 50 (45) | 74 (57) | 41 (59) | 174 (54) |
| Ischaemic aetiology, n (%) | 631 (51) | 29 (42) | 74 (47) | 213 (49) | 144 (47) | 57 (52) | 70 (71) | 44 (64) | 188 (58) |
| LVEF, n (%) | |||||||||
| Preserved (≥45%) | 327 (28) | 44 (64) | 31 (24) | 120 (30) | 69 (23) | 17 (15) | 24 (28) | 22 (32) | 47 (15) |
| Mild-moderate (25–44%) | 514 (44) | 23 (33) | 62 (48) | 186 (47) | 121 (40) | 50 (45) | 36 (42) | 36 (52) | 172 (53) |
| Severe (<25%) | 324 (28) | 2 (3) | 36 (28) | 93 (23) | 112 (37) | 44 (40) | 26 (30) | 11 (16) | 106 (33) |
| JVP distended at admission, n (%) | 635 (62) | 41 (59) | 142 (91) | 250 (67) | 159 (52) | 43 (38) | NA | NA | 180 (55) |
| Pulmonary rales at admission, n (%) | 821 (76) | 57 (83) | 143 (92) | 317 (73) | 208 (67) | 96 (86) | NA | NA | 260 (80) |
| Peripheral oedema at admission, n (%) | 674 (62) | 40 (58) | 120 (77) | 278 (64) | 176 (57) | 60 (54) | NA | NA | 187 (58) |
| SBP at admission, mm Hg, mean±SD | 133±31.9 | 144±32.1 | 129±27.9 | 139±32.6 | 129±33.3 | 122+29.8 | 133±30.3 | 131±25.0 | 123±26.9 |
| DBP at admission, mm Hg, mean±SD | 81±20.3 | 80±17.6 | 79±13.3 | 81±20.1 | 74±19.4 | 109±15.5 | 78±17.4 | 77±14.5 | 76±14.1 |
| Heart rate at admission, bpm, mean±SD | 93±24.8 | 96±27.6 | 92±16.9 | 95±26.8 | 95±25.9 | 86±20.9 | 91±26.0 | 88±19.1 | 80±20.7 |
| Atrial fibrillation at admission, n (%) | 513 (43) | 27 (44) | 72 (46) | 175 (45) | 100 (35) | 51 (51) | 54 (42) | 34 (49) | 152 (47) |
| NYHA class at discharge, n (%) | |||||||||
| III | 212 (18) | NA | 26 (17) | 87 (20) | 38 (12) | 33 (30) | 9 (12) | 19 (28) | NA |
| IV | 4 (0.3) | NA | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | NA |
| Laboratories findings, mean±SD | |||||||||
| Haemoglobin at admission, g/L | 126.4±20.5 | 129.4±21.3 | NA | 129.9±19.5 | 123.9±20.5 | 126.2±18.8 | 122.7±23.4 | 120.5±18.6 | 126.6±18.8 |
| Haemoglobin at discharge, g/L | 128.0±19.9 | NA | NA | 134.8±19.7 | 124.3±19.4 | 124.6±18.3 | NA | 119.3±16.5 | 124.7±18.2 |
| Serum urea at admission, mmol/L | 12.6±7.8 | NA | 13.6±7.6 | 11.6±6.9 | 13.0±8.7 | 14.2±8.5 | NA | 12.6±8.0 | 14.8±8.9 |
| Serum urea at discharge, mmol/L | 13.7±8.1 | NA | 14.8±7.5 | 13.8±7.5 | 13.5±7.8 | 14.8±10.1 | 12.0±8.5 | 13.0±9.2 | 15.9±8.7 |
| Serum sodium at admission, mmol/L | 138.7±4.8 | NA | 140.6±4.2 | 139.0±4.2 | 137.8±4.7 | 137.5±3.8 | 137.0±6.6 | 141.2±4.8 | 138.3±3.8 |
| Serum sodium at discharge, mmol/L | 138.8±5.6 | NA | 139.5±3.6 | 139.4±3.5 | 137.8±4.3 | 137.0±13.6 | 138.5±4.3 | 140.9±3.8 | 138.7±3.9 |
| eGFR at admission, mL/min/1.73 m²* | 56.9±32.8 | 67.1±20.9 | 59.5±29.0 | 50.2±20.6 | 62.4±48.4 | 56.9±28.0 | 60.1+33.7 | 52.8±26.1 | 52.9±25.3 |
| eGFR at discharge, mL/min/1.73 m² | 56.9±42.0 | NA | 60.6±27.7 | 47.8±20.1 | 64.7±70.4 | 57.1±26.7 | 64.3+30.5 | 54.7±27.6 | 49.3±25.1 |
| NT-proBNP at admission, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 6447 (3057–12 632) | 3542 (2118–9698) | 6779 (2934–13 538) | 7089 (3724–13 028) | 6641 (3239–13 670) | 4230 (1258–8274) | 7212 (2208–13 383) | 5337 (2599–15 090) | 2426 (1233–4829) |
| NT-proBNP at discharge, pg/mL, median (IQR) | 3252 (1419–7291) | 1627 (596–3280) | 4137 (1412–9942) | 3390 (1492–6542) | 3665 (1515–7955) | 2550 (892–6343) | 3328 (1781–7194) | 2362 (1062–12 386) | 2110 (1098–4467) |
| cTnT at admission, μg/L, median (IQR) | 0.03 (0.01–0.10) | 0.01 (0.01–0.04) | NA | 0.03 (0.01–0.10) | 0.03 (0.01–0.09) | 0.02 (0.01–0.06) | NA | 0.07 (0.04–0.18) | 0.04 (0.01–0.09 |
| Duration admission, days, median (IQR) | 9 (6–14) | 7 (7–8) | 10 (6–14) | 8 (5–11) | 11 (7–20) | 9 (6–14) | 12 (8–18) | 8 (6–11) | 8 (6–13) |
| Discharge medication, n (%) | |||||||||
| Diuretics | 1156 (95) | NA | 153 (98) | 432 (97) | 291 (94) | 105 (94) | 110 (91) | 65 (94) | 323 (99) |
| ACE-inhibitor | 806 (66) | NA | 136 (87) | 279 (62) | 173 (56) | 75 (67) | 93 (78) | 50 (73) | 194 (60) |
| β-blocker | 685 (57) | NA | 61 (39) | 346 (77) | 162 (52) | 23 (21) | 53 (45) | 40 (58) | 288 (89) |
*Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate was calculated as 186.3×(Creatinin mg/dL) −1.154×(Age)−0.203×(0.742 if female)×(1.210 if black).
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; DM, diabetes mellitus; DPB, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate; JVP, jugular venous pressure; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SBP, systolic blood pressure.