Association between sweetened beverage consumption and risk of heart failure in men
| Sweetened beverages consumption servings/day | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.1 to <0.5 | 0.5 to <1.0 | 1.0 to <2.0 | ≥2 | p for trend | |
| Total population | ||||||
| Number of cases | 2123 | 490 | 271 | 572 | 657 | – |
| Person-years | 242 796 | 86 234 | 37 612 | 64 757 | 63 371 | – |
| Incidence rate* | 921 | 813 | 984 | 985 | 1130 | – |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.88 (0.80 to 0.97) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.17) | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.37) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable-adjusted† HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.88 to 1.08) | 1.08 (0.95 to 1.23) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 1.23 (1.12 to 1.35) | <0.001 |
| Non-diabetics | ||||||
| Number of cases | 1776 | 455 | 243 | 515 | 574 | – |
| Multivariable-adjusted† HR (95% CI) | 1.00 (reference) | 0.98 (0.89 to 1.09) | 1.05 (0.92 to 1.21) | 1.10 (0.99 to 1.21) | 1.21 (1.10 to 1.34) | <0.001 |
*Age-standardised incidence rate per 100 000 person-years.
†Adjusted for age, educational attainment (primary school, high school, university), smoking (never/past/current (≤10, >10 cigarettes/day)), alcohol consumption (never/past/current (<5, ≥5 g/day)), total physical activity (MET in hours/day categorised into quartiles), family history of myocardial infarction, history of stroke, history of angina, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (<18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25–29.9, ≥30 kg/m2), coffee consumption (cups/day), fruit intake (servings/day), vegetable intake (servings/day), processed meat consumption (g/day), fish consumption (servings/day) and total energy intake (kcal/day).
MET, metabolic equivalent.