Summary of CMR and CT studies in children and adolescents with pulmonary hypertension and studies providing CMR reference values in a healthy population
| Reference | No. | Patients | Age (years) | Parameters | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMR | |||||
| Blalock et al6 | 26 | IPAH | 2–16 | RVEDV, RVEF, LVEDV, LVSV | Abnormal compared with controls, stable over 1 year |
| Moledina et al7 | 100 | IPAH, CHD, miscellaneous | 0.5–17.6 | RV and LV: EDV, ESV, SV, EF, MM | CMR measures correlate with clinical status and prognosis (RVEF and LVSV) |
| Pandya et al36 | 50 | IPAH, CHD, LD | 0.45–16.5 | CMR-augmented cardiac catheterisation, real-time CMR sequence, septal curvature metrics | Septal curvature metrics are able to estimate RV afterload and track acute changes in pulmonary haemodynamics during vasodilator testing |
| CT | |||||
| Moledina et al7 | 31 | CHD, IPAH, other | 0.7–19.1 | Fractal dimension of CT pulmonary angiograms | Fractal dimension correlates with clinical status, haemodynamics and survival |
| Normal values CMR | |||||
| Robbers-Visser et al41 | 60 | Healthy children and adolescents | 8–17 | RV and LV: EDV, ESV, MM | Gender-specific normative data for biventricular function, volume and mass |
| Sarikouch et al42 | 99 | Healthy children and adolescents | 8–20 | RV and LV: EDV, ESV, MM | Percentiles for ventricular mass and volume in children aged 8–20 years |
CHD, congenital heart disease; CMR, cardiac MR; EDV, end-diastolic volume; EF, ejection fraction; ESV, end-systolic volume; IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary hypertension; LD, lung disease; LV, left ventricle; MM, myocardial mass; No., number of patients; RV, right ventricle; SV, stroke volume; LVSV, left ventricular stroke volume.