RR (95% CI) of MI by chocolate consumption in 67 640 Swedish men and women, 1998−2010
| Categories of chocolate consumption, servings | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–3/month | 1–2/week | ≥3–4/week | p for trend | |
| MI cases*/participants (%) | 833/10 037 (8.3%) | 2142/34 231 (6.3%) | 1049/17 487 (6.0%) | 393/5885 (6.7%) | |
| Total person-years | 116 942 | 413 046 | 211 491 | 69 317 | |
| Age-adjusted and sex-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.76 to 0.89) | 0.77 (0.70 to 0.84) | 0.76 (0.67 to 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Multivariable model 1† | 1.00 | 0.85 (0.79 to 0.92) | 0.82 (0.75 to 0.90) | 0.80 (0.70 to 0.90) | 0.002 |
| Multivariable model 2‡ | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.89 (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98) | 0.04 |
*Non-fatal and fatal cases.
†The Cox proportional hazards regression model is stratified by baseline age (in years) and sex and includes education (less than high school, high school, university), family history of MI before 60 years of age (no, yes), smoking (never; past <20 or ≥20 pack-years; current <20 or ≥20 pack-years), aspirin use (never, 1–6 tablets/week, ≥7 tablets/week), walking/bicycling (almost never, <20 min/day, 20–40 min/day, 40–60 min/day, >1 h/day), exercise (<1 h/week, 1 h/week, 2–3 h/week, 4–5 h/week, >5 h/week) and intakes of total energy (kcal/day; continuous), alcohol (g/day; quintiles), processed meat (servings/week; quintiles) and fruits and vegetables (servings/day; quintiles).
‡Adjusted for the same covariates as above and further for body mass index (kg/m2; continuous) and history and diagnosis of diabetes (no, yes), hypertension (no, yes) and hypercholesterolaemia (no, yes).
MI, myocardial infarction; RR, relative risk.