Baseline characteristics of patients with HF stratified by ethnicity
| Asian | Percentage missing | White | Percentage missing | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 839 | 11 221 | |||
| Age (years, mean±SD) | 61.8±12.2 | 0 | 73.5±12.3 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Sex (female %) | 24.2 | 0 | 38.4 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm, mean±SD) | 162.5±8.6 | 1.5 | 171.3±9.9 | 48.5 | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg, mean±SD) | 69.6±15.8 | 1.4 | 79.5±18.7 | 7.1 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean±SD) | 26.3±5.4 | 1.9 | 27.1±5.6 | 49.1 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mm Hg, mean±SD) | 125.9±22.5 | 0.2 | 128.2±21.2 | 1.1 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mm Hg, mean±SD) | 71.9±13.0 | 0.2 | 73.6±12.4 | 1.2 | 0.003 |
| Hypertension (%) | 72.6 | 1.2 | 54.9 | 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 55.7 | 0.2 | 23.7 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 0.2 | 18.7 | <0.001 | ||
| Non-smoker | 46.6 | 43.0 | |||
| Ex-smoker | 29.7 | 42.4 | |||
| Current smoker | 23.7 | 14.6 | |||
| Creatinine clearance* (mL/min, mean±SD) | 66.3±38.8 | 4.4 | 68.3±33.7 | 7.8 | 0.117 |
| Medical history | |||||
| CAD (%) | 53.4 | 4.3 | 45.0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| PCI (%) | 19.9 | 1.5 | 16.6 | 0 | 0.018 |
| CABG (%) | 13.7 | 0.6 | 22.4 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Valve surgery (%) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation/flutter (%) | 23.3 | 0.8 | 50.0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Stroke (%) | 10.3 | 0.2 | 17.2 | 0 | <0.001 |
| PAD (%) | 4.2 | 0.8 | 10.4 | 0 | <0.001 |
| COPD (%) | 8.3 | 0.5 | 18.6 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Heart failure characteristics | |||||
| Duration of HF >6 months (%) | 40.2 | 0.7 | 39.3 | 1.1 | 0.613 |
| EF (%) | 0 | 0 | <0.001 | ||
| =>50 | 22.2 | 24.3 | |||
| 40–49 | 11.2 | 21.3 | |||
| 30–39 | 19.7 | 26.6 | |||
| <30 | 47.0 | 27.8 | |||
| NYHA (%) | 1.3 | 35.1 | <0.001 | ||
| I | 26.9 | 11.8 | |||
| II | 58.1 | 49.1 | |||
| III | 14.0 | 35.1 | |||
| IV | 1.0 | 3.9 | |||
| Heart rate (bpm, mean±SD) | 75.4±14.3 | 0 | 74.5±15.9 | 2.1 | 0.124 |
| LBBB (%) | 4.6 | 0 | 16.0 | 0 | <0.001 |
| NTproBNP (pg/mL, median (IQR)) | 2044 (808, 4266) | 0 | 2700 (1178, 5858) | 57.7 | <0.001 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L, mean±SD) | 13.0±2.1 | 0 | 13.2±1.8 | 0 | <0.001 |
| Medication use | |||||
| β-blocker (%) | 93.6 | 0 | 87.4 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor (%) | 66.0 | 0 | 65.2 | 0.4 | 0.656 |
| ARB (%) | 19.4 | 0 | 21.9 | 1.0 | 0.110 |
| Diuretics (%) | 94.9 | 0 | 78.1 | 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Statins (%) | 88.8 | 0 | 48.2 | 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Antiplatelet (%) | 82.5 | 0 | 49.8 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
Values are shown in means±SD for continuous values unless stated otherwise; categorical variables are presented as percentages per category.
*Creatinine clearance is calculated with Cockcroft-Gault formula.
ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; bpm, beats per minute; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; EF, ejection fraction; HF, heart failure; LBBB, left bundle branch block; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP, systolic blood pressure.