Table 1

Causes of myocardial necrosis stratified by aetiology

Primary myocardial ischaemiaSupply or demand imbalance causing myocardial ischaemiaInjury not related to myocardial ischaemiaMultifactorial or indeterminate aetiology
Atherosclerotic plaque rupture Intraluminal coronary thrombus
Distal microembolisation
Coronary artery dissection		Anaemia
Aortic dissection
Aortic valve disease
Tachyarrhythmias or bradyarrhythmias
Coronary embolism or vasculitis
Coronary endothelial dysfunction
Coronary vasospasm
Hypertension
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Respiratory failure
Shock

  • Cardiogenic

  • Hypovolaemic

  • Septic

Ablation
Cardiac contusion
Cardiac surgery
Cardiotoxic drugs
Cardioversion
Cytokine-mediated injury
Myocarditis
Pacing
Rhabdomyolysis		Acute/chronic heart failure
Burns
Critical illness
Infiltrative diseases

  • Amyloidosis

  • Sarcoidosis

Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Acute kidney injury
Chronic kidney disease
Strenuous exercise
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Stroke
Subarachnoid haemorrhage

  • Adapted from Thygesen et al.1