Estimated excess risk of cancer incidence, per 100 000, (lung, stomach, liver, thyroid, breast and leukaemia combined) as a function of attained age
| Procedure type | Attained age (years) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | |
| Males | |||||||
| ASD occlusion | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 3) | 2 (0 to 5) | 4 (1 to 9) | 9 (3 to 19) | 16 (6 to 35) |
| PDA occlusion | 2 (0 to 4) | 2 (0 to 4) | 3 (0 to 6) | 4 (1 to 10) | 9 (3 to 21) | 19 (7 to 42) | 35 (13 to 78) |
| Pulmonary valvuloplasty | 3 (0 to 8) | 4 (0 to 9) | 5 (1 to 11) | 8 (2 to 18) | 16 (5 to 35) | 31 (11 to 69) | 57 (22 to 126) |
| Aortic valvuloplasty | 3 (0 to 8) | 4 (0 to 9) | 5 (1 to 11) | 7 (2 to 16) | 14 (4 to 31) | 27 (9 to 60) | 49 (18 to 109) |
| PA balloon/stent | 4 (0 to 8) | 4 (1 to 10) | 6 (1 to 14) | 11 (3 to 24) | 23 (7 to 51) | 48 (17 to 106) | 90 (35 to 198) |
| Coarctation repair | 3 (0 to 7) | 4 (0 to 8) | 5 (1 to 10) | 8 (2 to 17) | 16 (5 to 35) | 32 (11 to 70) | 58 (22 to 128) |
| EPS/RFA | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 3) | 3 (1 to 6) | 6 (2 to 14) | 14 (5 to 30) | 26 (9 to 56) |
| Heart biopsy | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 3) | 3 (1 to 7) | 6 (2 to 12) |
| Coronary angiography | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 3) | 2 (0 to 5) | 4 (1 to 8) | 8 (2 to 17) | 16 (5 to 35) | 29 (11 to 64) |
| Valve replacement | 2 (0 to 5) | 5 (1 to 12) | 9 (2 to 21) | 19 (5 to 43) | 45 (14 to 99) | 96 (34 to 212) | 182 (70 to 400) |
| Pacemaker | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (0 to 3) | 3 (1 to 7) | 7 (2 to 15) | 12 (4 to 27) |
| Atrial septostomy | 2 (0 to 4) | 2 (0 to 5) | 3 (0 to 6) | 4 (1 to 10) | 8 (2 to 18) | 16 (5 to 36) | 29 (11 to 64) |
| Females | |||||||
| ASD occlusion | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 3 (1 to 5) | 7 (4 to 11) | 14 (9 to 22) | 26 (17 to 41) | 43 (28 to 68) |
| PDA occlusion | 2 (0 to 4) | 4 (2 to 7) | 9 (5 to 16) | 23 (15 to 36) | 47 (31 to 73) | 82 (54 to 128) | 130 (86 to 202) |
| Pulmonary valvuloplasty | 2 (0 to 5) | 4 (2 to 8) | 9 (5 to 16) | 22 (14 to 36) | 45 (29 to 72) | 80 (52 to 125) | 127 (83 to 200) |
| Aortic valvuloplasty | 3 (1 to 8) | 6 (2 to 12) | 14 (8 to 24) | 33 (21 to 53) | 68 (45 to 107) | 121 (80 to 189) | 193 (127 to 301) |
| PA balloon/stent | 3 (1 to 7) | 8 (4 to 14) | 21 (13 to 34) | 53 (35 to 82) | 110 (74 to 168) | 193 (130 to 295) | 305 (204 to 467) |
| Coarctation repair | 3 (1 to 7) | 6 (3 to 12) | 15 (8 to 26) | 37 (23 to 59) | 77 (51 to 119) | 137 (90 to 211) | 218 (144 to 337) |
| EPS/RFA | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | 2 (1 to 3) | 5 (3 to 8) | 12 (7 to 19) | 24 (15 to 38) | 42 (26 to 67) |
| Heart biopsy | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 2 (1 to 3) | 4 (3 to 7) | 8 (5 to 13) | 14 (9 to 22) |
| Coronary angiography | 1 (0 to 2) | 1 (0 to 3) | 3 (1 to 5) | 6 (3 to 11) | 15 (9 to 25) | 31 (18 to 51) | 54 (33 to 89) |
| Valve replacement | 2 (0 to 5) | 12 (6 to 22) | 38 (23 to 61) | 101 (66 to 157) | 219 (145 to 336) | 396 (262 to 610) | 638 (421 to 987) |
| Pacemaker | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (1 to 2) | 3 (2 to 4) | 6 (4 to 9) | 11 (7 to 18) | 19 (12 to 31) |
| Atrial septostomy | 2 (0 to 5) | 4 (1 to 8) | 8 (4 to 14) | 17 (10 to 29) | 36 (23 to 57) | 64 (41 to 101) | 102 (66 to 162) |
Figures in parentheses represent 95% confidence intervals for risk model elevated relative risk and elevated absolute risk coefficients.
ASD, atrial septal defect; EPS, electrophysiology study; PA, pulmonary artery; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RFA, radiofrequency ablation.