Estimated lifetime attributable risk per 100 000 of incidence of a range of cancers following different cardiac catheterizations
| Cancer site | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Procedure | Lung | Stomach | Liver | Oesophagus | Breast | Thyroid | Leukaemia |
| Males | |||||||
| ASD occlusion | 9 (4 to 20) | 1 (1 to 2) | 1 (1 to 2) | 3 (0 to 6) | n/a | 0.1 (0 to 0.2) | 1 (0 to 3) |
| PDA occlusion | 20 (10 to 44) | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (2 to 6) | 7 (0 to 15) | n/a | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.1) | 2 (0 to 5) |
| Pulmonary valvuloplasty | 33 (16 to 72) | 3 (2 to 6) | 4 (3 to 8) | 9 (0 to 21) | n/a | 0.5 (0.1 to 1.7) | 4 (0 to 9) |
| Aortic valvuloplasty | 28 (13 to 61) | 2 (1 to 4) | 3 (2 to 7) | 9 (0 to 19) | n/a | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) | 4 (0 to 9) |
| PA balloon/stent | 54 (26 to 118) | 4 (2 to 7) | 7 (5 to 16) | 14 (0 to 32) | n/a | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.6) | 5 (0 to 12) |
| Coarctation balloon/stent | 34 (16 to 74) | 3 (1 to 5) | 4 (3 to 9) | 9 (0 to 21) | n/a | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) | 4 (0 to 9) |
| EPS/RFA | 16 (8 to 35) | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (1 to 2) | 4 (0 to 9) | n/a | 0 (0 to 0.1) | 2 (0 to 5) |
| Heart biopsy | 3 (2 to 7) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 2) | n/a | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 1) |
| Coronary angiography | 17 (8 to 37) | 1 (1 to 3) | 1 (1 to 3) | 5 (0 to 10) | n/a | 0.1 (0 to 0.2) | 3 (0 to 6) |
| Valve replacement | 113 (54 to 246) | 6 (3 to 12) | 10 (8 to 24) | 26 (1 to 59) | n/a | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.2) | 13 (1 to 29) |
| Pacemaker | 7 (3 to 16) | 1 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 2 (0 to 4) | n/a | 0 (0 to 0.1) | 1 (0 to 3) |
| Atrial septostomy | 16 (8 to 35) | 1 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 4) | 5 (0 to 12) | n/a | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.9) | 2 (0 to 5) |
| Females | |||||||
| ASD occlusion | 26 (18 to 38) | 1 (1 to 2) | 0 (0 to 1) | 2 (0 to 7) | 17 (12 to 24) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.9) | 1 (0 to 2) |
| PDA occlusion | 54 (37 to 80) | 2 (1 to 3) | 2 (1 to 4) | 4 (0 to 17) | 75 (54 to 107) | 1.4 (0.4 to 5.1) | 2 (0 to 4) |
| Pulmonary valvuloplasty | 58 (39 to 86) | 3 (2 to 4) | 2 (1 to 4) | 5 (0 to 17) | 68 (48 to 96) | 1.5 (0.4 to 5.6) | 2 (0 to 6) |
| Aortic valvuloplasty | 90 (61 to 133) | 3 (2 to 5) | 2 (1 to 6) | 6 (0 to 24) | 104 (74 to 147) | 1.5 (0.4 to 5.6) | 4 (0 to 9) |
| PA balloon/stent | 126 (85 to 185) | 4 (3 to 6) | 4 (1 to 10) | 8 (0 to 32) | 183 (132 to 259) | 1.8 (0.5 to 6.5) | 4 (0 to 9) |
| Coarctation balloon/stent | 103 (69 to 151) | 3 (2 to 5) | 3 (1 to 7) | 6 (0 to 23) | 118 (85 to 167) | 1.6 (0.4 to 5.9) | 4 (0 to 10) |
| EPS/RFA | 33 (22 to 48) | 1 (1 to 1) | 1 (0 to 1) | 2 (0 to 8) | 9 (7 to 13) | 0.1 (0 to 0.5) | 1 (0 to 3) |
| Heart biopsy | 8 (6 to 12) | 0 (0 to 0) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 3) | 5 (4 to 8) | 0 (0 to 0) | 1 (0 to 1) |
| Coronary angiography | 44 (30 to 65) | 2 (1 to 3) | 1 (0 to 2) | 3 (0 to 12) | 9 (6 to 12) | 0.3 (0.1 to 1.1) | 2 (0 to 6) |
| Valve replacement | 311 (210 to 458) | 11 (7 to 16) | 7 (3 to 19) | 20 (0 to 75) | 335 (240 to 474) | 2.3 (0.6 to 8.4) | 14 (1 to 34) |
| Pacemaker | 14 (9 to 20) | 0 (0 to 1) | 0 (0 to 1) | 1 (0 to 3) | 6 (4 to 8) | 0.1 (0 to 0.5) | 1 (0 to 1) |
| Atrial septostomy | 51 (34 to 75) | 2 (1 to 3) | 1 (0 to 3) | 4 (0 to 15) | 50 (36 to 71) | 1.2 (0.3 to 4.5) | 3 (0 to 6) |
Figures assume normal life expectancy, based on UK background rates. Figures in parentheses represent 95% confidence intervals based on risk model elevated relative risk and elevated absolute risk coefficients.
ASD, atrial septal defect; EPS, electrophysiology study; PA, pulmonary artery; PDA, patent ductus arteriosus; RFA, radiofrequency ablation.