Ischaemic heart disease | All causes of death | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No of deaths (64) | Death rate ratio | Trend | No of deaths (392) | Death rate ratio | Trend | ||
Diet group | |||||||
Meat eater | 32 | 100 | 170 | 100 | |||
Semi-vegetarian | 7 | 108 (47–248) | NS | 45 | 102 (73–143) | NS | |
Vegetarian/vegan | 25 | 83 (48–143) | 177 | 102 (82–127) | |||
Meat | |||||||
None eaten | 29 | 100 | 209 | 100 | |||
Less than daily | 18 | 153 (84–279) | NS | 83 | 102 (79–133) | NS | |
Daily | 17 | 118 (64–218) | 94 | 101 (79–130) | |||
Eggs (per week) | |||||||
< 1 | 8 | 100 | 89 | 100 | |||
1–5 | 33 | 128 (59–279) | p < 0.01 | 203 | 74 (58–96)4-150 | NS | |
6+ | 23 | 268 (119–602)4-150 | 89 | 92 (68–123) | |||
Milk (pints per day) | |||||||
Less than half | 18 | 100 | 138 | 100 | |||
Half | 21 | 76 (40–143) | NS | 139 | 70 (55–88)** | NS | |
More than half | 24 | 150 (81–278) | 106 | 87 (68–113) | |||
Cheese (excluding cottage) | |||||||
< once per week | 5 | 100 | 55 | 100 | |||
1–4 times per week | 16 | 123 (45–335) | p < 0.01 | 120 | 86 (62–118) | NS | |
⩾ 5 times per week | 43 | 247 (97–626) | 208 | 102 (76–137) | |||
Total animal fat | |||||||
1st tertile | 9 | 100 | 116 | 100 | |||
2nd tertile | 15 | 179 (78–409) | p < 0.01 | 95 | 85 (65–112) | NS | |
3rd tertile | 21 | 329 (150–721)** | 99 | 105 (80–138) | |||
Saturated animal fat | |||||||
1st tertile | 9 | 100 | 111 | 100 | |||
2nd tertile | 17 | 211 (94–474) | p < 0.01 | 100 | 95 (73–125) | NS | |
3rd tertile | 19 | 277 (125–613)4-150 | 99 | 106 (80–139) | |||
Dietary cholesterol | |||||||
1st tertile | 8 | 100 | 116 | 100 | |||
2nd tertile | 15 | 181 (77–429) | p < 0.001 | 90 | 74 (56–97)4-150 | NS | |
3rd tertile | 22 | 353 (157–796)** | 104 | 102 (78–134) | |||
Fish | |||||||
Never eaten | 26 | 100 | 184 | 100 | |||
< once per week | 13 | 121 (62–238) | NS | 82 | 97 (74–126) | NS | |
⩾ once per week | 25 | 123 (70–217) | 123 | 96 (76–121) | |||
Green vegetables | |||||||
< once per week | 4 | 100 | 39 | 100 | |||
1–4 times per week | 29 | 119 (42–340) | NS | 171 | 74 (52–105) | NS | |
⩾ 5 times per week | 30 | 134 (47–384) | 176 | 89 (63–126) | |||
Carrots | |||||||
< once per week | 14 | 100 | 60 | 100 | |||
1–4 times per week | 29 | 57 (30–108) | NS | 226 | 107 (80–142) | NS | |
⩾ 5 times per week | 18 | 76 (37–157) | 96 | 99 (72–138) | |||
Fresh or dried fruit | |||||||
< 5 times per week | 17 | 100 | 106 | 100 | |||
5–9 times per week | 29 | 107 (58–196) | NS | 151 | 89 (69–114) | NS | |
⩾ 10 times per week | 17 | 89 (44–180) | 128 | 97 (74–127) | |||
Nuts | |||||||
< once per week | 30 | 100 | 188 | 100 | |||
1–4 times per week | 21 | 119 (68–210) | NS | 123 | 99 (79–125) | NS | |
⩾ 5 times per week | 13 | 87 (45–168) | 72 | 77 (58–101) | |||
Dietary fibre | |||||||
1st tertile | 7 | 100 | 82 | 100 | |||
2nd tertile | 14 | 192 (77–479) | NS | 88 | 101 (75–137) | NS | |
3rd tertile | 17 | 225 (92–553) | 93 | 98 (73–133) | |||
Alcohol | |||||||
0 or < 1 unit per week | 24 | 100 | 158 | 100 | |||
1–7 units per week | 25 | 131 (74–234) | NS | 122 | 88 (69–113) | NS | |
> 7 units per week | 15 | 102 (51–203) | 108 | 104 (79–135) |
↵4-150 2p < 0.05; **2p < 0.01. Numbers of deaths may not total 64 or 392 because values of the dietary factors were unknown for some subjects.