Heart rates, frequency of atrial ectopic beats, and echocardiographic variables for patients with and without later occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF)
| With AF | Without AF | p Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | 95% CI | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | |||||
| Holter ECG (n = 286) | ||||||||
| Mean heart rate (beats/min) | 71.1 (14.4) | 64.4 to 77.8 | 70.6 (13.2) | 69.0 to 72.2 | NS | |||
| Minimum heart rate (beats/min) | 54.1 (17.3) | 46.0 to 62.2 | 56.2 (16.1) | 54.3 to 58.1 | NS | |||
| Maximum heart rate (beats/min) | 103.9 (29.3) | 90.2 to 117.6 | 104.9 (27.5) | 101.6 to 108.2 | NS | |||
| Range of heart rate (beats/min) | 49.8 (18.2) | 41.3 to 58.3 | 48.7 (21.7) | 46.1 to 51.3 | NS | |||
| Atrial ectopic beats (n) | 295 (155) | 223 to 367 | 362 (129) | 346 to 378 | NS | |||
| Exercise testing (n = 208) | ||||||||
| Peak heart rate (beats/min) | 108.4 (32.7) | 90.4 to 126.4 | 113.0 (26.4) | 109.3 to 116.7 | NS | |||
| Echocardiography | ||||||||
| Left atrial diameter (mm) (n = 410) | 43.1 (9.7) | 39.3 to 46.9 | 36.4 (5.4) | 35.9 to 36.9 | < 0.001 | |||
| LVEDD (mm) (n = 387) | 54.5 (10.9) | 49.9 to 59.1 | 53.0 (6.2) | 52.4 to 53.6 | NS | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) (n = 343) | 52.7 (14.4) | 46.3 to 59.1 | 57.7 (8.8) | 56.7 to 58.7 | < 0.001 | |||
| Concomitant disease (n = 441) | ||||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 41.2% | 39.7% | NS | |||||
| Heart failure | 52.9% | 38.8% | < 0.01 | |||||
CI, confidence interval; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter.