Absolute indication for lifelong oral anticoagulation
| All patients with: |
| • Mechanical prostheses |
| • Chronic or intermittent atrial fibrillation in the presence of |
| – native valve disease |
| – bioprostheses |
| – valve repair |
| – valvuloplasty |
| • Native valve disease and previous emboli |
| • Mitral valve stenosis, independent of rhythm, with |
| – high valve gradients |
| – thrombus in left atrium |
| – spontaneous echo contrast in left atrium |
| – large left atrium > 50 mm |
| – low cardiac output |
| – congestive heart failure |