Recurrent thromboembolic event rates with different patent foramen ovale (PFO) management strategies
| Management strategy | Annual recurrent event rate | References |
| Aspirin or warfarin | 1.9–14% | Stone et al
31
Mas and Zuber32 Bogousslavskyet al 33 |
| Surgical PFO closure | 0–19.5% | Hommaet al
34
Devuystet al 36 Dearaniet al 38 |
| Percutaneous PFO closure | 3.4% | Windeckeret al 41 |