Raman spectroscopy for quantifying cholesterol in intact coronary artery wall
Section snippets
Tissues
Human coronary arteries were dissected from hearts at autopsies conducted within 24 h after death. Patients (n=11) ranged in age from 44 to 81 years. The samples were rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4), frozen in liquid-nitrogen and stored at −80°C until use. After thawing, the artery segments were opened longitudinally, and specific locations, which appeared to be rich in cholesterol, were selected visually for the preparation of plaque models and for studies on intact plaques. No
Raman spectrum of atherosclerotic plaque
Fig. 2 shows a Raman spectrum (dots) obtained from an artery location that seemed to be rich in cholesterol by visual inspection, modeled to the set of spectra from the individual chemical components (line). As shown, this spectrum could be modeled accurately with this spectral model. The spectral model quantified the relative amounts of FC (9%), CE (7%), CS (9%), TG and PL (1%) and DA (74%). The luminal side of the spectroscopically examined location was marked with ink. The tissue was then
Discussion
We have determined that the cholesterol content of a lesion can be calculated from Raman spectra by properly accounting for the lesion’s depth into the arterial wall. We developed a plaque model and determined how the Raman spectral signature of cholesterol is attenuated by tissue. In intact plaques, the spectroscopically-determined cholesterol amounts correlated strongly and linearly with those determined by digital microscopy, indicating that this attenuation curve can model Raman signal
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank Nada Boustany from the M.I.T. George R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory for helpful discussions and Professor H.J. Tanke and Willem Sloos for their collaboration and technical assistance. Financial support from the Netherlands Heart Foundation (95.134) is gratefully acknowledged.
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