Review article

Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug abusers and HIV-1 infected patients

There has been a rise in the incidence of injection drug use and associated infective endocarditis.

The clinical outcomes of 39 patients admitted with injection drug use–associated infective endocarditis were collected with a mean follow-up of 14 months. The outcomes were compared for patients treated medically with those undergoing surgical intervention. Results: The mean age was 39 ± 11 years; 54% were female. Thirty-two patients (82%) had native and 7 (18%) prosthetic infective endocarditis. The tricuspid valve was affected in 17 patients (43%), the mitral in 10 (26%), the aortic in 4 (10%), and multiple valves in 8 (20%). Sixteen (41%) patients underwent surgery, and 23 (59%) were treated with medical therapy. The indications for surgery included heart failure, systemic emboli, recurrent infection, and vegetation size ≥10 mm. Patients undergoing surgery had a higher rate of paravalvular abscess (25% vs 0%, P = 0.02), valve perforation (37% vs 11%, P = 0.04), and mitral valve involvement (44% vs 13%, P = 0.06), whereas medically treated patients had higher tricuspid valve involvement (61% vs 19%, P = 0.02). During follow-up, 26% of medical and 31% of surgical cohort patients died (P = 0.7). Mortality was highest (54%) among those who continued medical management despite an indication for surgery. Univariate predictors of mortality were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.17; P = 0.02), heart failure (OR 6.9; 95% CI: 1.24-37.49; P = 0.02), septicemia (OR 4.40; 95% CI:0.99-19.54; P = 0.05), and shock (OR 10.8; 95% CI: 1.68-69.92; P = 0.01).

Despite contemporary therapy, patients with injection drug use–associated infective endocarditis remain at high risk of complications and poor clinical outcomes. These findings highlight the need for developing new care pathways and a team approach for effective management.

Il y a eu une augmentation de l’incidence de l’endocardite infectieuse associée à l’usage de drogues par injection.

Nous avons recueilli au cours d’un suivi moyen de 14 mois les résultats cliniques de 39 patients admis en raison d’une endocardite infectieuse associée à l’usage de drogues par injection. Les résultats ont été comparés pour les patients traités médicalement avec ceux subissant une intervention chirurgicale.

L’âge moyen était de 39 ± 11 ans; 54 % étaient des femmes. Trente-deux patients (82 %) avaient une endocardite infectieuse sur valve native et 7 (18 %), une endocardite infectieuse sur prothèse valvulaire. La valve tricuspide était touchée chez 17 patients (43 %), la valve mitrale, chez 10 patients (26 %), la valve aortique, chez 4 patients (10 %), et plusieurs valves, chez 8 patients (20 %). Seize (41 %) patients ont subi une intervention chirurgicale, et 23 (59 %) ont reçu un traitement médical. Les indications d’intervention chirurgicale étaient les suivantes : l’insuffisance cardiaque, les embolies systémiques, l’infection récurrente et la taille de la végétation ≥ 10 mm. Les patients qui avaient subi une intervention chirurgicale ont plus fréquemment eu des abcès paravalvulaires (25 % vs 0 %, P = 0,02), des perforations de valves (37 % vs 11 %, P = 0,04) et des atteintes de la valve mitrale (44 % vs 13 %, P = 0,06), tandis que les patients qui avaient reçu un traitement médical ont plus fréquemment eu des atteintes de la valve tricuspide (61 % vs 19 %, P = 0,02). Durant le suivi, 26 % des patients de la cohorte du traitement médical et 31 % des patients de la cohorte de l’intervention chirurgicale sont morts (P = 0,7). La mortalité était plus élevée (54 %) chez les patients qui poursuivaient la prise en charge médicale malgré l’indication chirurgicale. Les prédicteurs univariés de la mortalité étaient l’âge (rapport de cotes [RC] 1,09, intervalle de confiance [IC] à 95 % : 1,01-1,17; P = 0,02), l’insuffisance cardiaque (RC 6,9; IC à 95 % : 1,24-37,49; P = 0,02), la septicémie (RC 4,40; IC à 95 % : 0,99-19,54; P = 0,05) et le choc (RC 10,8; IC à 95 % : 1,68-69,92; P = 0,01).

En dépit de l’approche thérapeutique contemporaine, les patients atteints d’une endocardite infectieuse associée à l’usage de drogues par injection restent exposés à un risque élevé de complications et de mauvais résultats cliniques. Ces résultats illustrent la nécessité d’élaborer de nouveaux cheminements cliniques et une approche du travail en équipe pour assurer une prise en charge efficace.

The clinical profile, management and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) may be influenced by socioeconomic issues.

A nationwide prospective study evaluated IE during the era of deep economic crisis in Greece. Epidemiological data and factors associated with 60-day mortality were analyzed through descriptive statistics, logistic and Cox-regression models.

Among 224 patients (male 72.3%, mean age 62.4 years), Staphylococcus aureus (n = 62; methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 33.8%) predominated in the young without impact on mortality (p = 0.593), whilst Enterococci (n = 36) predominated in the elderly. Complications of IE were associated with mortality: heart failure [OR 2.415 (95% CI: 1.159–5.029), p = 0.019], stroke [OR 3.206 (95% CI: 1.190–8.632), p = 0.018] and acute kidney injury [OR 2.283 (95% CI: 1.085–4.805), p = 0.029]. A 60-day survival benefit was solely related to cardiac surgery for IE during hospitalization [HR 0.386 (95% CI: 0.165–0.903), p = 0.028] and compliance with antimicrobial treatment guidelines [HR 0.487 (95% CI: 0.259–0.916), p = 0.026]. Compared with a previous country cohort study, history of rheumatic fever and native valve predisposition had declined, whilst underlying renal disease and right-sided IE had increased (p < 0.0001); HIV infection had emerged (p = 0.002). No difference in rates of surgery and outcome was assessed.

A country-wide survey of IE highlighted emergence of HIV, right-sided IE and predominance of MRSA in the youth during a severe socioeconomic crisis. Compliance with treatment guidelines promoted survival.

Infective endocarditis (IE) in people who inject drugs (PWID) is an emergent public health problem.

The purpose of this study was to investigate IE in PWID and compare it with IE in non-PWID patients.

Two prospective cohort studies (ICE-PCS and ICE-Plus databases, encompassing 8,112 IE episodes from 2000 to 2006 and 2008 to 2012, with 64 and 34 sites and 28 and 18 countries, respectively). Outcomes were compared between PWID and non-PWID patients with IE. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate risk factors for 6-month mortality and relapses amongst PWID.

A total of 7,616 patients (591 PWID and 7,025 non-PWID) were included. PWID patients were significantly younger (median 37.0 years [interquartile range: 29.5 to 44.2 years] vs. 63.3 years [interquartile range: 49.3 to 74.0 years]; p < 0.001), male (72.5% vs. 67.4%; p = 0.007), and presented lower rates of comorbidities except for human immunodeficiency virus, liver disease, and higher rates of prior IE. Amongst IE cases in PWID, 313 (53%) episodes involved left-side valves and 204 (34.5%) were purely left-sided IE. PWID presented a larger proportion of native IE (90.2% vs. 64.4%; p < 0.001), whereas prosthetic-IE and cardiovascular implantable electronic device-IE were more frequent in non-PWID (9.3% vs. 27.0% and 0.5% vs. 8.6%; both p < 0.001). Staphylococcus aureus caused 65.9% and 26.8% of cases in PWID and non-PWID, respectively (p < 0.001). PWID presented higher rates of systemic emboli (51.1% vs. 22.5%; p < 0.001) and persistent bacteremia (14.7% vs. 9.3%; p < 0.001). Cardiac surgery was less frequently performed (39.5% vs. 47.8%; p < 0.001), and in-hospital and 6-month mortality were lower in PWID (10.8% vs. 18.2% and 14.4% vs. 22.2%; both p < 0.001), whereas relapses were more frequent in PWID (9.5% vs. 2.8%; p < 0.001). Prior IE, left-sided IE, polymicrobial etiology, intracardiac complications, and stroke were risk factors for 6-month mortality, whereas cardiac surgery was associated with lower mortality in the PWID population.

A notable proportion of cases in PWID involve left-sided valves, prosthetic valves, or are caused by microorganisms other than S. aureus.

La cocaïne peut être responsable de nombreuses complications psychiques et/ou somatiques. L’objectif de cette revue systématique de la littérature est d’exposer les données concernant la relation entre la consommation de cocaïne et les complications pulmonaires. La cocaïne peut être responsable de symptômes respiratoires aigus (toux, expectoration noirâtre, hémoptysies, dyspnée, sifflements thoraciques, douleurs thoraciques) et de pathologies pulmonaires variées : barotraumatismes (pneumothorax, pneumomédiastin, pneumopéricarde), lésions des voies aériennes, asthme, bronchiolite oblitérante avec pneumonie organisée, œdème aigu du poumon, hémorragie intra-alvéolaire, pneumopathie alvéolaire liée à l’accumulation de matériel carboné, emphysème pulmonaire et lésions bulleuses, pneumonie aiguë a éosinophiles, granulomatose au talc ou à la cellulose, pneumopathie interstitielle et fibrose pulmonaire, vascularites, hypertension artérielle pulmonaire, embolie pulmonaire et infarctus pulmonaire, anévrysmes mycotiques de l’artère pulmonaire, embolie pulmonaire septique, pneumopathie d’inhalation, pneumopathies communautaires, infections pulmonaires opportunistes liées à l’infection par le VIH, infection tuberculeuse latente et tuberculose pulmonaire, cancer bronchique et crack lung. Certaines complications sont graves et parfois fatales. Les explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires, la tomodensitométrie thoracique, la fibroscopie bronchique avec lavage broncho-alvéolaire et la scintigraphie pulmonaire peuvent être des aides au diagnostic de ces complications pulmonaires. Une consommation de cocaïne doit être recherchée devant des symptômes respiratoires survenant chez des sujets jeunes.

Cocaine can be responsible for many psychiatric and/or somatic disorders. The aim of this systematic literature review of data was to expose relations between cocaine use and pulmonary complications. Cocaine can be responsible for acute respiratory symptoms (cough, black sputum, hemoptysis, dyspnea, wheezing, chest pain) and for various pulmonary disorders including barotrauma (pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, pneumopericardium), airway damage, asthma, bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia, acute pulmonary edema, alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar pneumonia with carbonaceous material, bullous emphysema, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, pulmonary granulomatosis caused by talc or cellulose, interstitial pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, vasculitis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism and pulmonary infarction, mycotic pulmonary arterial aneurysms, septic emboli, aspiration pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, HIV-related opportunistic infections, latent tuberculosis infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung cancer and crack lung. Some of these complications are serious and may have a fatal outcome. Pulmonary function tests, thoracic tomodensitometry, bronchial fibroscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and lung scintigraphy may be an aid to the diagnosis of these pulmonary compications. Cocaine use must be sought in case of respiratory symptoms in young persons.

Males and females possess distinct biological differences that manifest in diverse risk profiles for acute and chronic diseases. A well-documented example of this is ischemic stroke. It has been demonstrated that older females have greater prevalence of, and worse outcome after, ischemic stroke than do males and younger females. Loss of estrogen after menopause is heavily implicated as a contributing factor for this phenomenon; however, there is mounting evidence to suggest that certain risk factors tend to occur more often in older females, such as hypertension and atrial fibrillation, while others more adversely affect females than they do males, such as diabetes and smoking. Sex-specific risk factors, such as oral contraceptive use and menopause, could also contribute to the discrepancy in stroke prevalence and outcome. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that females tend to present with more nontraditional symptoms of acute stroke than do males, making it more difficult for clinicians to correctly identify the occurrence of a stroke, which may delay the administration of thrombolytic intervention. Finally, certain sociodemographic factors, such as the fact that females were more likely to live alone prior to stroke, may contribute to poorer recovery in females. This review will explore the various co-morbidities and sociodemographic factors that contribute to the greater prevalence of and poorer outcome after stroke in older females and will highlight the critical need for considering sex as a predisposing biological variable in stroke studies.

Antibiotic administration, severity of injury, and debridement are associated with surgical site infection (SSI) after internal fixation of open fractures. We sought to validate a time-dependent treatment effect of antibiotic administration.

Consecutive open fracture patients at a level 1 trauma center with minimum 30-day follow-up were identified from an orthopaedic registry from 2013-2017.

The primary endpoint was SSI within 90 days. A threshold time to antibiotic administration associated with SSI was ascertained by receiver-operator analysis. A Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, smoking, and drug use determined the treatment effect of antibiotic administration within the threshold period.

Ten percent of 230 patients developed a SSI. There was a trend for patients who did not develop an SSI to receive antibiotics earlier than those who did develop an SSI (61 minutes, IQR 33-107 vs 83 minutes, IQR 40-186), p=0.053). Intravenous antibiotic administration after 120 minutes of presentation of an open fracture to emergency department was significantly associated with a 2.4 increased hazard of surgical site infection (p=0.036) within 90 days.

Antibiotic administration greater than 120 minutes after ED presentation of an open fracture was associated with an increased risk of SSI.