The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and its soluble receptors 1 (sTNFR1) and 2 (sTNFR2) are predictors of mortality in chronic heart failure (CHF) but the determinants of these increased levels of disease-promoting cytokines are largely unknown. Type D personality refers to the combination of the tendency to experience negative emotions (negative affectivity) and the tendency to inhibit the expression of emotions in social interaction (social inhibition). Type D is an independent predictor of cardiac events in coronary patients who are at risk for CHF. The present study examined the effect of Type D personality on TNF-alpha, sTNFR1, and sTNFR2 in 42 men with CHF (meanage=57.9+/-10.5 years). There was a significant multivariate effect of Type D on TNF-alpha measures (p=.006); i.e., circulating levels of TNF-alpha (4.8+/-0.9 versus 2.5+/-0.2 pg/ml, p=.003), sTNFR1 (1814+/-314 versus 1134+/-78 pg/ml, p=.014), and sTNFR2 (2465+/-243 versus 1874+/-118 pg/ml, p=.019) were significantly higher in Type D patients as compared to non-Type D patients. The effect size (ES) of Type D personality ranged from rather large (sTNFR1, ES=0.77; sTNFR2, ES= 0.73) to large (TNF-alpha, ES=0.90). After controlling for ischemic etiology and severity of heart failure, Type D personality emerged as an independent predictor of increased circulating levels of both TNF-alpha (OR=9.5, 95% CI 2.1-43.8, p=.004) and TNF-alpha receptors (OR= 6.1, 95% CI 1.4-25.8, p=.014). These findings are consistent with the prognostic power of Type D personality regarding long-term morbidity and mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease. This study suggests that individual differences in personality contribute to the psychoneuroimmunological aspects of heart failure.