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Healthcare delivery, economics and global health
Original research article
Influence of socioeconomic factors on pregnancy outcome in women with structural heart disease
  1. Iris M van Hagen1,
  2. Sara Baart1,
  3. Rebekah Fong Soe Khioe2,
  4. Karen Sliwa-Hahnle3,
  5. Nasser Taha4,
  6. Malgorzata Lelonek5,
  7. Luigi Tavazzi6,
  8. Aldo Pietro Maggioni7,
  9. Mark R Johnson8,
  10. Nikolaos Maniadakis9,10,
  11. Richard Fordham2,
  12. Roger Hall11,
  13. Jolien W Roos-Hesselink1,12
  14. on behalf of the ROPAC investigators
  1. 1 Department of Cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  2. 2 Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  3. 3 Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  4. 4 Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, El Minia University, Minia, Egypt
  5. 5 Department of Noninvasive Cardiology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  6. 6 GVM Care and Research, E S Health Science Foundation, Maria Cecilia Hospital, Cotignola, Italy
  7. 7 ANMCO, Research Center, Florence, Italy
  8. 8 Department of Obstetrics, Imperial College School of Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
  9. 9 Health Services Organization and Management, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
  10. 10 Health Policy Unit, European Society of Cardiology, Brussels, Belgium
  11. 11 Department of Cardiology, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
  12. 12 Fellow, European Society of Cardiology, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
  1. Correspondence to Dr Jolien W Roos-Hesselink, Department of cardiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands; j.roos{at}erasmusmc.nl

Abstract

Objective Cardiac disease is the leading cause of indirect maternal mortality. The aim of this study was to analyse to what extent socioeconomic factors influence the outcome of pregnancy in women with heart disease.

Methods The Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac disease is a global prospective registry. For this analysis, countries that enrolled ≥10 patients were included. A combined cardiac endpoint included maternal cardiac death, arrhythmia requiring treatment, heart failure, thromboembolic event, aortic dissection, endocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, hospitalisation for cardiac reason or intervention. Associations between patient characteristics, country characteristics (income inequality expressed as Gini coefficient, health expenditure, schooling, gross domestic product, birth rate and hospital beds) and cardiac endpoints were checked in a three-level model (patient–centre–country).

Results A total of 30 countries enrolled 2924 patients from 89 centres. At least one endpoint occurred in 645 women (22.1%). Maternal age, New York Heart Association classification and modified WHO risk classification were associated with the combined endpoint and explained 37% of variance in outcome. Gini coefficient and country-specific birth rate explained an additional 4%. There were large differences between the individual countries, but the need for multilevel modelling to account for these differences disappeared after adjustment for patient characteristics, Gini and country-specific birth rate.

Conclusion While there are definite interregional differences in pregnancy outcome in women with cardiac disease, these differences seem to be mainly driven by individual patient characteristics. Adjustment for country characteristics refined the results to a limited extent, but maternal condition seems to be the main determinant of outcome.

  • pregnancy
  • global health
  • congenital heart disease
  • valvular heart disease
  • heart failure

https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311910

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    Footnotes

    • Contributors Conception and design: IMvH, LT, APPM, MRJ, RH, JWR-H. Acquisition: IMvH, KS-H, NT, ML, MRJ, RH, JWR-H, ROPAC investigators. Analysis and interpretation: IMvH, SB, RFSK, KS-H, NM, RF, JWR-H. Drafting: IMvH, SB, JWR-H. Critical revision: IMvH, SB, RFSK, KS-H, NT, ML, LT, APPM, MRJ, NM, RF, RH, JWR-H. Final approval: IMvH, SB, RFSK, KS-H, NT, ML, LT, APPM, MRJ, NM, RF, RH, JWRH. Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved: IMvH, SB, RFSK, KS-H, NT, ML, LT, APPM, MRJ, NM, RF, RH, JWRH.

    • Funding Since the start of EORP, the following companies have supported the programme: Abbott Vascular Int. (2011–2014), Amgen Cardiovascular (2009–2018), AstraZeneca (2014–2017), Bayer (2009–2018), Boehringer Ingelheim (2009–2016), Boston Scientific (2009–2012), The Bristol Myers Squibb and Pfizer Alliance (2011–2016), The Alliance Daiichi Sankyo Europe GmbH and Eli Lilly and Company (2011–2017), Edwards (2016–2019), Gedeon Richter Plc (2014–2017), Menarini Int. Op. (2009–2012), MSD-Merck and Co. (2011–2014), Novartis Pharma AG (2014–2017), ResMed (2014–2016), Sanofi (2009–2011) and SERVIER (2010–2018). The companies that support EORP were not involved in any part of the study or this report.

    • Competing interests APPM reports grants from Novartis, Cardiorentis and Bayer outside the submitted work. LT reports personal fees from Servier, CVIE Therapeutics, Cardiorentis, Boston Scientific and Medtronic outside the submitted work.

    • Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.