Article Text
PDF
Abstract
Objective To investigate the feasibility of fixed dose, weight adjusted subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), with monitoring of anti-Xa levels and assessment of coronary patency rates after three to five days, thereby giving an initial indication of its safety and efficacy.
Design In 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction, LMWH (nadroparine) was given as a body weight adjusted intravenous bolus with thrombolysis (rt-PA infusion) and in weight adjusted subcutaneous doses at six hours, and every 12 hours thereafter for 72 hours. The target range was defined prospectively as 0.35–0.70 anti-factor Xa activity (aXa) units. The aXa level was measured every six hours. Coronary angiography was performed in all patients within five days after the start of thrombolytic treatment to determine patency (TIMI 2 and 3 flow) of the infarct related artery.
Results The mean (SEM) aXa level over 72 hours was 0.52 (0.08) U/ml; from 12 hours onwards 88% of all aXa measurements were within the target range. At angiography, a patent infarct related artery was present in 24 of the 30 patients. No major bleeding complications occurred, though minor bleeding complications were observed in two patients.
Conclusions This small study indicates that LMWH is feasible as an adjunct to thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The aXa levels were within the target range and patency rates at three to five days were around 80%, with no major bleeding complications.
- acute myocardial infarction
- thrombolysis
- low molecular weight heparin
- FATIMA study
Statistics from Altmetric.com
It is well established that the use of thrombolytic treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction results in early coronary artery patency, salvation of left ventricular function, and improved survival.1 ,2 The second international study of infarct survival (ISIS-2) showed conclusively the substantial value of combined aspirin and thrombolytic treatment (streptokinase) in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction, and GUSTO-I showed a better efficacy of accelerated tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) compared with streptokinase.3 ,4 Although heparin is widely used as an adjunct to rt-PA treatment in patients with acute myocardial infarction, large clinical trials suggest only a potentially beneficial effect.5-8 Trials with angiographic end points indicate that the adjunctive use of intravenous unfractionated heparin improves the outcome; however, this has not been unequivocally shown in large randomised trials with clinical outcomes.9-13 Evidence from subsets of patients in the SCATI and GISSI-2 trials suggests that the administration of high dose subcutaneous heparin results in better survival than when no heparin is given (mortality 4.5% among patients receiving heparin v 8.8% among patients who did not receive heparin).5 ,6 Although the results of these non-randomised comparisons have to be interpreted with caution, most cardiologists have adopted the use of heparin as an adjunct to rt-PA thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The addition of unfractionated heparin to thrombolytic treatment resulted in a slightly higher incidence of bleeding, but no differences in the incidence of haemorrhagic strokes were reported.14
Because of the unpredictable bioavailability of unfractionated heparin, frequent monitoring of the anticoagulant effect is necessary, with multiple dose adjustments.15 Even so, many patients are not in the target therapeutic range for a substantial period of time. For example, in the GUSTO-I study nearly 50% of the heparin treated patients had an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) value below the target range of 60–85 seconds at 24 hours.4
In recent years, low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) have been developed. Compared with unfractionated heparin, these compounds have a longer plasma half life, less variability in their anticoagulant response to fixed doses, and possibly a more favourable ratio of antithrombotic to haemorrhagic effects.16 ,17 These favourable properties of LMWH have led to the concept that the subcutaneous administration of LMWH produces therapeutic anticoagulant levels without the need for laboratory monitoring. Instead, the dose of LMWH is based on the body weight of the patient and remains fixed for the duration of the treatment. Various studies in patients with venous thromboembolism have shown that treatment with fixed dose subcutaneous LMWH is at least as effective and safe as treatment with dose adjusted intravenous unfractionated heparin.18 ,19 LMWH has also been studied in unstable angina patients,20-22 and in one dose finding study following thrombolytic treatment.23
There is little information about the use of LMWH in conjunction with thrombolytics in the setting of acute myocardial infarction, in particular with respect to bleeding complications. We have therefore performed a study to investigate the feasibility of giving fixed dose, weight adjusted subcutaneous LMWH in patients receiving thrombolytic treatment for acute myocardial infarction, with monitoring of anti-Xa levels, thus establishing an initial indication of its safety and efficacy.
Methods
DESIGN
This study was designed as a small (30 patients) open study to investigate feasibility and to obtain a first indication of the efficacy and safety of the proposed treatment schedule. The protocol was approved by the institutional ethics review board.
PATIENTS
Consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction who were eligible to receive thrombolytic treatment were included in the study, according to the GUSTO-I criteria24: presentation within six hours of onset of chest pain suggestive of myocardial ischaemia; ST segment elevation of at least 0.2 mV in two or more contiguous precordial electrocardiographic leads or at least 0.1 mV in two or more contiguous standard electrocardiographic leads; and exclusion of patients with haemorrhagic diathesis, known haematological abnormalities, active bleeding, severe uncontrolled hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, recent cranial trauma, recent surgery or prolonged resuscitation, and serious medical illnesses. Further exclusion criteria were: age less than 18 years, use of oral anticoagulants or intravenous heparin, and pregnancy. All patients gave written informed consent.
TREATMENT
Eligible patients received recombinant tissue- type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) (Actilyse; Boehringer Ingelheim, Germany) to a maximum of 100 mg according to the accelerated dosing scheme as used in the GUSTO-I trial.4 Adjunctive treatment with subcutaneous LMWH (nadroparine) (Fraxiparin; Sanofi, France) was initiated with an intravenous bolus of 100 U/kg just before the start of the rt-PA infusion, followed by subcutaneous injections at six hours and every 12 hours for 72 hours. The dose of the subcutaneous injections was stratified according to the body weight of the patient (< 50 kg: 10 000 anti-factor Xa (aXa) U; 50–70 kg: 15 000 aXa U; > 70 kg: 20 000 aXa U). This dose was based on clinical trials of subcutaneous LMWH (nadroparine) in which efficacy was proved in patients with venous thromboembolism, with few bleeding complications.18 ,25All patients received 300 mg carbasalate calcium (Ascal; Dagta Pharma, Diemen, The Netherlands) on admission to the coronary care unit and subsequently 100 mg daily.
MONITORING
Initial successful reperfusion was assessed non-invasively, according to previously described criteria.26 ,27Indicators of early reperfusion were recorded every hour during the first six hours after rt-PA infusion. The reperfusion indices consisted of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (> 50% decrease in ST elevation), the presence of reperfusion arrhythmias, improvement in clinical signs, and a peak creatine kinase (CK-MB) at or before 12 hours after the onset of symptoms.
All patients were closely monitored throughout the study period for the occurrence of signs of reocclusion or bleeding complications. Monitoring included frequent symptom inquiry, physical examination, ECG, laboratory investigations, and coronary angiography at the end of the study period.
Laboratory measurements included assessment of the anti-factor Xa activity (aXa) every six hours. Blood was collected in plastic syringes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. Platelet-poor plasma was obtained by centrifugation for 20 minutes at 2000 ×gand at 4°C. The chromogenic anti-factor Xa activity assay was performed using an EPOS 5060 analyser, as described previously, and calibrated against a nadroparine standard.28 An anti-Xa activity of 0.35–0.70 U/ml was defined as the target range. Previous studies have found that there is a favourable in vivo anticoagulant activity in this aXa range.29 Additionally, CK-MB was assessed every six hours, and haemoglobin once a day.
CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY
Angiography was performed according to the study protocol three to five days after the start of thrombolytic treatment, unless earlier examination was indicated. Patients with recurrent typical chest pain and ECG abnormalities consistent with myocardial ischaemia refractory to medical treatment within the study period were eligible for earlier coronary angiography. The end point in these patients was considered to be after angiography was performed and further treatment was at the discretion of the attending cardiologist. Coronary angiography was performed according to standard procedures and recorded on cinefilm. At least one pair of orthogonal projections of the infarct related coronary artery (IRA) and of the uninvolved artery were acquired. Patency was assessed on first contrast injection after intracoronary injection of glyceryl trinitrate. Coronary flow was expressed as TIMI flow, and vessels with TIMI 2 and 3 flow were considered “patent”; vessels with TIMI 0 and 1 flow were considered “occluded.”30 ,31 Two independent observers from other institutions, who were unaware of patient data and study questions, determined the IRA on the basis of the admission ECGs and scored the TIMI flow. In case of disagreement concerning the IRA or the TIMI flow, the observations of a third independent observer were decisive.
OUTCOMES
The feasibility outcome was defined as the ability to give LMWH twice daily subcutaneously in patients who have received thrombolytic treatment for acute myocardial infarction, and the ability of the proposed dosing scheme of LMWH to provide constant and adequate levels of anticoagulation, as assessed by anti-factor Xa levels.
An outcome indicating possible efficacy was defined as angiographically proven patency (TIMI grade 2 and 3 flow) of the infarct related reperfused vessel.
An outcome indicating possible safety was defined by the incidence of clinically apparent major or minor haemorrhage during the first three days of hospital admission. Bleeding complications were divided in major (clinically overt associated with a fall in haemoglobin concentration of more than 2 mmol/l or requiring a transfusion of at least one unit of packed red cells, or when the haemorrhage was intracranial) and minor (clinical bleeding, which did not meet the criteria for major bleeding).
STATISTICAL AND SAMPLE SIZE CONSIDERATIONS
The GUSTO angiographic substudy indicated that the patency rate after rt-PA and intravenous unfractionated heparin (after five to seven days) is approximately 84%.32 In our small pilot study we prospectively expected patency rate to be achieved in at least 22 of 30 patients (73%; 95% confidence interval 54.1% to 87.7%), to justify the initiation of a larger randomised trial. Confidence intervals were calculated with the binomial distribution for proportions.
Results
Baseline characteristics are given in table 1.
Baseline characteristics on admission
CLINICAL OUTCOMES AND ANGIOGRAPHIC PATENCY
All patients underwent angiography within five days (median 3, range 0.5 to 5). Patency of the IRA was present in 24 of the 30 patients (patency rate of 80%, 95% confidence interval 61.4% to 92.3%). The two independent observers disagreed in one patient on the IRA. Disagreement over patency occurred in one other case. IRA and TIMI flow results are shown in table2.
Clinical outcomes
In 10 patients, coronary angiography was performed within three days, which was earlier than required by the study protocol. In three patients this was because of rescue angioplasty, one had with failed thrombolysis (TIMI flow 0), one had threatening acute reclosure after initial reperfusion (TIMI flow 3), and one had persistent ST elevation (TIMI flow 3). Angiography was performed in seven patients because of recurrent symptoms within three days (four patent IRAs, three IRAs with TIMI flow 0 or 1). Angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in nine of the 10 patients who underwent angiography within three days. The other 20 patients underwent elective coronary angiography between three and five days, according to the study protocol (18 patent IRAs, two occluded IRAs).
In five patients no signs of early reperfusion were seen after 90 minutes. Rescue PTCA was performed in three of these patients (see above). The other two patients did not undergo rescue PTCA, one because of electrocardiographically small infarct size, and one infarction complicated by an episode of ventricular fibrillation accompanied by equivocal ST segment changes after defibrillation.
No major bleeding complications occurred, and there were two minor bleeding complications (one venepuncture haematoma and one urinary tract bleeding).
ANTI-FACTOR Xa
The mean aXa measurements of 30 patients for each time point are presented in fig 1. At six hours after admission, the mean aXa level was 0.28 U/ml. At that time, five of the 30 measurements were within the target range. From 12 hours onwards 88% of the aXa measurements were within the target range. No differences in aXa levels were observed between the three dosing strategies (data not shown) and there were no differences between the patients (n = 20) who underwent angiography before day 3 because of symptoms compared with the patients (n = 10) who underwent angiography between days 3 and 5 (mean (SEM) values of 0.52 (0.04) and 0.50 (0.07), respectively; NS). The mean aXa level over 72 hours was 0.52 (0.08) U/ml.
The plasma anti-factor Xa activity (aXa; U/ml) measured at 13 time points: just before the start of thrombolytic treatment, six hours after the start, at 12 hours, and every six hours thereafter up to 72 hours after the start of rt-PA infusion. The mean values of the 30 patients per time point are depicted, with their SEM values. The predefined target range was 0.35–0.70 U/ml. From 12 hours onwards 88% of all values were within this range.
Discussion
This study shows that the use of fixed dose, weight adjusted subcutaneous LMWH as an adjunct to rt-PA thrombolytic treatment for acute myocardial infarction induces stable and predictable aXa levels within the predefined target range. Patency rates at three to five days (80%) were comparable with the rt-PA arm (84%) in the GUSTO angiographic substudy.32 No major bleeding complications occurred. Hence this study shows that treatment with LMWH (nadroparine) is feasible and probably effective and safe as an adjunct to thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. In clinical practice, treatment with LMWH does not require labourious laboratory monitoring and dose adjustments, which is a major advantage. Therefore, even if treatment with LMWH were no more effective than with unfractionated heparin, it would still have an important practical advantage. In addition, stable and predictable levels of anticoagulation are expected to result in fewer bleeding complications. As shown in the GUSTO-I study, aPTT levels above 85 seconds are associated with excess bleeding.24
The effective therapeutic range for LMWH as adjunctive treatment is unknown. One dose finding study of LMWH treatment following thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction presumed a target range of 0.6–1.0 anti-Xa U/ml (based on treatment with deep venous thrombosis).23 In that study, daltaparin was used after thrombolysis with streptokinase; no major bleeding complications occurred; however, eight urogenital tract bleeding episodes and 17 venepuncture haematomas were described. In our study we used nadroparine and rt-PA, and just two minor bleeding complications occurred (presumed target range 0.35–0.70 anti-Xa U/ml).
We considered TIMI flow 2 and 3 as patent, as have other patency studies.9 ,10 ,12 ,31 However, the GUSTO angiographic substudy indicated that among patients with partial flow in the IRA (TIMI flow 2), ventricular function was worse and mortality higher than among patients with normal flow (TIMI flow 3).32 In our study TIMI flow 3 was present in 22 of 30 IRAs (73%); in the GUSTO trial 58% of the rt-PA arm showed TIMI 3 flow.
At time point six hours after start of thrombolysis, 25 of the 30 aXa levels were below the predefined target range, indicating that the dose of the initial bolus injection may have been too low. However, from 12 hours onwards the aXa levels showed means and SEM values within the target range for all time points.
As a possible alternative to treatment with unfractionated heparin, studies have been conducted with direct thrombin antagonists. However, studies using conjunctive treatment with hirudin have been disappointing. For instance, the HIT-III trial, comparing hirudin with heparin, showed the therapeutic range of the former to be narrower than with unfractionated heparin; this was consistent with the findings of the GUSTO-II and the TIMI-9 trials.33-35
Our study was uncontrolled, comprising a small patient group, and was not powered for proper assessment of clinical outcomes. Furthermore, there was no angiographic “proof” of early successful reperfusion with an angiogram at six hours. However, the study was designed as an initial pilot study to establish the feasibility of giving LMWH as an adjunct to thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and to obtain information about patency rates and bleeding complications. More definitive proof of the efficacy and safety of LMWH must come from a larger randomised trial comparing unfractionated heparin with LMWH as adjuncts to thrombolytic treatment. Such studies are in preparation.
Acknowledgments
We thank A E R Arnold, MD (Medical Centre Alkmaar, The Netherlands) and G Hoedemaker, MD (Gooi-Noord Hospital, Blaricum, The Netherlands) for independently determining IRA and TIMI flow rates. The skilful support of the nurses of the coronary care unit of the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam is gratefully acknowledged. This study was sponsored by Sanofi, France.