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Education in Heart
Non-invasive imaging
Imaging of atrial septal defects: echocardiography and CT correlation
  1. Amer M Johri1,
  2. Carlos A Rojas2,
  3. Ahmed El-Sherief2,
  4. Christian F Witzke3,
  5. David W Chitty1,
  6. Igor F Palacios3,
  7. Jonathan J Passeri3,
  8. Mary Etta E King3,
  9. Suhny Abbara2
  1. 1Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Imaging Network at Queen's, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
  2. 2Division of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Heart Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  3. 3Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital Heart Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
  1. Correspondence to Dr Amer M Johri, Queen's University, 76 Stuart Street, FAPC 3, Kingston, Ontario Canada; amerschedule{at}gmail.com

https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2010.205732

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    Adult patients with atrial septal defects (ASDs) have variable clinical presentations that can range from dyspnoea on exertion to cerebral vascular accidents from paradoxical embolism. Currently echocardiography is the mainstay in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with ASDs. As CT technology advances and low radiation techniques improve, cardiac CT is becoming a desirable method to evaluate patients with ASDs when echocardiographic evaluation is limited.

    Correct diagnosis and appropriate management of patients with patent foramen ovales (PFOs) and ASDs relies on an understanding of the embryologic development patterns that resulted in the malformation and associated anomalies. In this review, we illustrate the development of the interatrial septum and the foramen ovale. We discuss the diagnosis of PFOs and ASDs by echocardiography and highlight the incremental benefit of CT to further elucidate defect morphology, associated anomalies, and anatomy post-repair.

    Development of the interatrial septum

    The primary atrium starts as a common cavity.1 Starting at 5 weeks of gestation, the primordial single atrium begins dividing into right and left sides by formation and fusion of two septa: the septum primum and septum secundum (figure 1). Early in the fifth week of gestation the septum primum begins to form near the centre of the roof of the common atrium, growing downward to the endocardial cushions, and partially dividing the common atrium into right and left counterparts (figure 1, A-1 and A-2). The gap between the septum primum and endocardial cushions is known as the ostium primum. Before the septum primum and endocardial cushions fuse, perforations develop within the cephalic portion of the septum primum through apoptosis, creating a large window known as the ostium secundum. At the end of the sixth week the caudal free edge of the septum primum reaches the atrioventricular cushions and fuses with them, closing the ostium primum (figure 1, B-1 and …

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    Footnotes

    • AMJ and CAR contributed equally to this manuscript.

    • Competing interests In compliance with EBAC/EACCME guidelines, all authors participating in Education in Heart have disclosed potential conflicts of interest that might cause a bias in the article. The authors have no competing interests.

    • Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.