Article Text
Abstract
Prediction models are increasingly used to complement clinical reasoning and decision making in modern medicine in general, and in the cardiovascular domain in particular. Developed models first and foremost need to provide accurate and (internally and externally) validated estimates of probabilities of specific health conditions or outcomes in targeted patients. The adoption of such models must guide physician's decision making and an individual's behaviour, and consequently improve individual outcomes and the cost-effectiveness of care. In a series of two articles we review the consecutive steps generally advocated for risk prediction model research. This first article focuses on the different aspects of model development studies, from design to reporting, how to estimate a model's predictive performance and the potential optimism in these estimates using internal validation techniques, and how to quantify the added or incremental value of new predictors or biomarkers (of whatever type) to existing predictors. Each step is illustrated with empirical examples from the cardiovascular field.
- Prediction model
- risk prediction
- model development
- internal validation
- model improvement
- reclassification
- added value
- biomarkers
- obesity
- clinical hypertension
- prevention
- diabetes
- general practice
- epidemiology
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Footnotes
Linked article 301247.
KGMM and APK contributed equally.
Funding Karel GM Moons receives funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (project 9120.8004 and 918.10.615).
Competing interests None.
Provenance and peer review Commissioned; externally peer reviewed.